Ordre de liaisonL'ordre de liaison (ou indice de liaison) est le nombre de liaisons chimiques entre une paire d'atomes. Par exemple, dans le diazote N≡N, l'ordre de liaison entre les atomes d'azote est 3, de même pour les atomes de carbone de l'acétylène H−C≡C−H alors que pour les liaisons C−H il est de 1. L'ordre de liaison donne une indication sur la stabilité d'une liaison. Dans une approche plus complexe de la liaison chimique, l'ordre de liaison n'est plus nécessairement un entier.
Carbon–fluorine bondThe carbon–fluorine bond is a polar covalent bond between carbon and fluorine that is a component of all organofluorine compounds. It is one of the strongest single bonds in chemistry (after the B–F single bond, Si–F single bond, and H–F single bond), and relatively short, due to its partial ionic character. The bond also strengthens and shortens as more fluorines are added to the same carbon on a chemical compound. As such, fluoroalkanes like tetrafluoromethane (carbon tetrafluoride) are some of the most unreactive organic compounds.
Énergie de dissociation d'une liaisonvignette|Animation de la dissociation d'une molécule diatomique AB en deux atomes A et B En chimie, l'énergie de dissociation d'une liaison (D0) réfère à l'une des mesures de l'énergie d'une liaison chimique. Elle correspond au changement d'enthalpie lors d'un clivage homolytique avec des réactifs et des produits de la réaction d'homolyse à 0 K (zéro absolu). D'ailleurs, l'énergie de dissociation d'une liaison est parfois appelée l'enthalpie de dissociation d'une liaison.
FormulationLa formulation est une opération industrielle consistant à fabriquer un matériau homogène et stable, possédant des propriétés finales spécifiques et répondant aux exigences d'un cahier des charges fonctionnel (CDCF), en mélangeant des substances diverses. vignette|Batterie de malaxeurs de faibles capacités utilisés en formulation (mastics PVC pour l'automobile).
Structural engineerStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Municipal bondA municipal bond, commonly known as a muni, is a bond issued by state or local governments, or entities they create such as authorities and special districts. In the United States, interest income received by holders of municipal bonds is often, but not always, exempt from federal and state income taxation. Typically, only investors in the highest tax brackets benefit from buying tax-exempt municipal bonds instead of taxable bonds. Taxable equivalent yield calculations are required to make fair comparisons between the two categories.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Pharmaceutical formulationPharmaceutical formulation, in pharmaceutics, is the process in which different chemical substances, including the active drug, are combined to produce a final medicinal product. The word formulation is often used in a way that includes dosage form. Formulation studies involve developing a preparation of the drug which is both stable and acceptable to the patients. For orally administered drugs, this usually involves incorporating the drug into a tablet or a capsule.
Contrainte (mécanique)vignette|Lignes de tension dans un rapporteur en plastique vu sous une lumière polarisée grâce à la photoélasticité. En mécanique des milieux continus, et en résistance des matériaux en règle générale, la contrainte mécanique (autrefois appelée tension ou « fatigue élastique ») décrit les forces que les particules élémentaires d'un milieu exercent les unes sur les autres par unité de surface. Ce bilan des forces locales est conceptualisé par un tenseur d'ordre deux : le tenseur des contraintes.
Fixed effects modelIn statistics, a fixed effects model is a statistical model in which the model parameters are fixed or non-random quantities. This is in contrast to random effects models and mixed models in which all or some of the model parameters are random variables. In many applications including econometrics and biostatistics a fixed effects model refers to a regression model in which the group means are fixed (non-random) as opposed to a random effects model in which the group means are a random sample from a population.
