Architecture ARMLes architectures ARM sont des architectures externes de type RISC 32 bits (ARMv1 à ARMv7) et 64 bits (ARMv8) développées par ARM Ltd depuis 1983 et introduites à partir de 1990 par Acorn Computers. L'architecture ARM est le fruit du travail de Sophie Wilson. Dotés d'une architecture relativement plus simple que d'autres familles de processeurs et faibles consommateurs d'électricité, les processeurs ARM sont aujourd'hui dominants dans le domaine de l'informatique embarquée, en particulier la téléphonie mobile et les tablettes.
Manycore processorManycore processors are special kinds of multi-core processors designed for a high degree of parallel processing, containing numerous simpler, independent processor cores (from a few tens of cores to thousands or more). Manycore processors are used extensively in embedded computers and high-performance computing. Manycore processors are distinct from multi-core processors in being optimized from the outset for a higher degree of explicit parallelism, and for higher throughput (or lower power consumption) at the expense of latency and lower single-thread performance.
Comparison of instruction set architecturesAn instruction set architecture (ISA) is an abstract model of a computer, also referred to as computer architecture. A realization of an ISA is called an implementation. An ISA permits multiple implementations that may vary in performance, physical size, and monetary cost (among other things); because the ISA serves as the interface between software and hardware. Software that has been written for an ISA can run on different implementations of the same ISA.
Architecture de mémoire à multiples canauxL'architecture de mémoire à multiples canaux (ou architecture de mémoire multiplex) est une solution technique mise en place sur une carte mère permettant d'augmenter la bande passante entre la mémoire vive et le contrôleur de mémoire. Les contrôleurs de mémoire offrant l'architecture à multiples canaux utilisent deux, trois ou quatre canaux de données de , donnant ainsi une bande passante totale de , ou pour le transfert de données entre la mémoire vive et le processeur.
Instruction unitThe instruction unit (I-unit or IU), also called, e.g., instruction fetch unit (IFU), instruction issue unit (IIU), instruction sequencing unit (ISU), in a central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for organizing program instructions to be fetched from memory, and executed, in an appropriate order, and for forwarding them to an execution unit (E-unit or EU). The I-unit may also do, e.g., address resolution, pre-fetching, prior to forwarding an instruction. It is a part of the control unit, which in turn is part of the CPU.
No instruction set computingNo instruction set computing (NISC) is a computing architecture and compiler technology for designing highly efficient custom processors and hardware accelerators by allowing a compiler to have low-level control of hardware resources. NISC is a statically scheduled horizontal nanocoded architecture (SSHNA). The term "statically scheduled" means that the operation scheduling and Hazard handling are done by a compiler. The term "horizontal nanocoded" means that NISC does not have any predefined instruction set or microcode.
Pipeline (architecture des processeurs)330px|droite|Plan d'un pipeline générique à trois étapes En microarchitecture, un pipeline (ou chaîne de traitement), est l'élément d'un processeur dans lequel l'exécution des instructions est découpée en plusieurs étapes. Le premier ordinateur à utiliser cette technique est l'IBM Stretch, conçu en 1961. Avec un pipeline, le processeur peut commencer à exécuter une nouvelle instruction sans attendre que la précédente soit terminée. Chacune des étapes d’un pipeline est appelé étage.
Réseau de processeurs massivement parallèlesA massively parallel processor array, also known as a multi purpose processor array (MPPA) is a type of integrated circuit which has a massively parallel array of hundreds or thousands of CPUs and RAM memories. These processors pass work to one another through a reconfigurable interconnect of channels. By harnessing a large number of processors working in parallel, an MPPA chip can accomplish more demanding tasks than conventional chips. MPPAs are based on a software parallel programming model for developing high-performance embedded system applications.
Instruction cycleThe instruction cycle (also known as the fetch–decode–execute cycle, or simply the fetch-execute cycle) is the cycle that the central processing unit (CPU) follows from boot-up until the computer has shut down in order to process instructions. It is composed of three main stages: the fetch stage, the decode stage, and the execute stage. In simpler CPUs, the instruction cycle is executed sequentially, each instruction being processed before the next one is started.
Multithreadingthumb|Schéma d'un process multithread Un processeur est dit multithread s'il est capable d'exécuter efficacement plusieurs threads simultanément. Contrairement aux systèmes multiprocesseurs (tels les systèmes multi-cœur), les threads doivent partager les ressources d'un unique cœur : les unités de traitement, le cache processeur et le translation lookaside buffer ; certaines parties sont néanmoins dupliquées : chaque thread dispose de ses propres registres et de son propre pointeur d'instruction.
