Concentration minimale inhibitriceEn microbiologie, la concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) est la plus faible concentration d'un produit chimique, généralement un médicament, qui empêche la croissance visible d'une ou de plusieurs bactéries. La CMI dépend du micro-organisme considéré, de l'être humain affecté (in vivo uniquement) et de l'antibiotique lui-même. La CMI est déterminée en préparant des solutions du produit chimique in vitro à diverses concentrations croissantes, en incubant les solutions avec des groupes séparés de bactéries en culture et en mesurant les résultats en utilisant une méthode de dilution standardisée (agar ou microdilution).
Cible (marketing)A target market, also known as serviceable obtainable market (SOM), is a group of customers within a business's serviceable available market at which a business aims its marketing efforts and resources. A target market is a subset of the total market for a product or service. The target market typically consists of consumers who exhibit similar characteristics (such as age, location, income or lifestyle) and are considered most likely to buy a business's market offerings or are likely to be the most profitable segments for the business to service by OCHOM Once the target market(s) have been identified, the business will normally tailor the marketing mix (4 Ps) with the needs and expectations of the target in mind.
Drug discoveryIn the fields of medicine, biotechnology and pharmacology, drug discovery is the process by which new candidate medications are discovered. Historically, drugs were discovered by identifying the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery, as with penicillin. More recently, chemical libraries of synthetic small molecules, natural products or extracts were screened in intact cells or whole organisms to identify substances that had a desirable therapeutic effect in a process known as classical pharmacology.
Conical combinationGiven a finite number of vectors in a real vector space, a conical combination, conical sum, or weighted sum of these vectors is a vector of the form where are non-negative real numbers. The name derives from the fact that a conical sum of vectors defines a cone (possibly in a lower-dimensional subspace). The set of all conical combinations for a given set S is called the conical hull of S and denoted cone(S) or coni(S). That is, By taking k = 0, it follows the zero vector (origin) belongs to all conical hulls (since the summation becomes an empty sum).
Dioxyde de plombLe dioxyde de plomb, ou oxyde de plomb(IV), est un oxyde du plomb de formule brute , où le plomb a le nombre d'oxydation +. Ce composé chimique est un ampholyte. Il est notamment utilisé dans les batteries au plomb pour ses propriétés d'oxydant fort. Deux formes cristallines sont connues : orthorhombique, identifié en 1941. Il existe dans la nature sous la forme du minéral appelé , découvert en 1988 dans des roches collectées à Bingham (Nouveau-Mexique, États-Unis) et Mapimí (Durango, Mexique) ; tétragonal.
Target audienceA target audience is the intended audience or readership of a publication, advertisement, or other message catered specifically to said intended audience. In marketing and advertising, it is a particular group of consumer within the predetermined target market, identified as the targets or recipients for a particular advertisement or message. Businesses that have a wide target market will focus on a specific target audience for certain messages to send, such as The Body Shops Mother's Day advertisements, which were aimed at the children and spouses of women, rather than the whole market which would have included the women themselves.
Drug developmentDrug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery. It includes preclinical research on microorganisms and animals, filing for regulatory status, such as via the United States Food and Drug Administration for an investigational new drug to initiate clinical trials on humans, and may include the step of obtaining regulatory approval with a new drug application to market the drug.
Combinaison barycentriqueEn géométrie vectorielle, une combinaison barycentrique ou combinaison affine de vecteurs est une combinaison linéaire dont la somme des coefficients est égale à 1. L’expression s’emploie par défaut pour une somme finie, mais parfois aussi pour la limite d’une série sous réserve de convergence. Les combinaisons barycentriques correspondent ainsi aux barycentres des vecteurs vus comme des points de l’espace affine associé, et l’ensemble de ces combinaisons barycentriques constitue le sous-espace affine engendré par ces points.
New Drug ApplicationThe Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) New Drug Application (NDA) is the vehicle in the United States through which drug sponsors formally propose that the FDA approve a new pharmaceutical for sale and marketing. Some 30% or less of initial drug candidates proceed through the entire multi-year process of drug development, concluding with an approved NDA, if successful. The goals of the NDA are to provide enough information to permit FDA reviewers to establish the complete history of the candidate drug.
Saturnismevignette|Aux États-Unis, de 1976 à 1980, la diminution des taux de plomb dans l'air (plomb issu de l'essence plombée) a été nettement corrélée à celle de la plombémie (taux de plomb dans le sang). En France, selon l'INSERM, la plombémie (taux de plomb dans le sang) moyenne est ainsi passée de à en 1998, soit encore près de 3 fois plus qu'aux États-Unis en 1991-1994 (). Depuis, la moyenne est même aux États-Unis tombée à en 1999-2002 Le saturnisme est la maladie non transmissible (sauf de la mère au fœtus via le cordon ombilical, ou au bébé via l'allaitement) d'intoxication aiguë ou chronique par le plomb.
