Béton de cimentthumb|upright=1.0|Un mètre cube de béton (représentant la production mondiale annuelle de béton par habitant). Le béton de ciment, couramment appelé béton, est un mélange de ciment, de granulats, d'eau et d'adjuvants. Histoire du béton de ciment Ciment Le ciment se compose essentiellement de chaux, de silice, d'alumine et d'oxyde de fer combinés au silicate et aluminate de calcium. Les différents ciments résultent du mélange de clinker, de calcaire, de laitier et de cendres volantes (qui sont des composés à effet pouzzolanique, mais non considérés comme des pouzzolanes).
Forme de connexionEn géométrie différentielle, une 1-forme de connexion est une forme différentielle sur un -fibré principal qui vérifie certains axiomes. La donnée d'une forme de connexion permet de parler, entre autres, de courbure, de torsion, de dérivée covariante, de relevé horizontal, de transport parallèle, d'holonomie et de théorie de jauge. La notion de forme de connexion est intimement reliée à la notion de connexion d'Ehresmann. Soient : un groupe de Lie ; l'élément identité de ; l'algèbre de Lie de ; la représentation adjointe de sur ; une variété différentielle ; un -fibré principal sur .
Fatigue (matériau)vignette|Photomicrographie de la progression des fissures dans un matériau dues à la fatigue. Image tirée de . La fatigue est l'endommagement local d'une pièce sous l'effet d'efforts variables : forces appliquées, vibrations, rafales de vent Alors que la pièce est conçue pour résister à des efforts donnés, la variation de l'effort, même à des niveaux bien plus faibles que ceux pouvant provoquer sa rupture, peut à la longue provoquer sa rupture. Les essais de fatigue permettent de déterminer la résistance des matériaux à de telles faibles charges répétées.
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
Prestressed concretePrestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service. Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fiber or aramid fiber.
User interface designUser interface (UI) design or user interface engineering is the design of user interfaces for machines and software, such as computers, home appliances, mobile devices, and other electronic devices, with the focus on maximizing usability and the user experience. In computer or software design, user interface (UI) design primarily focuses on information architecture. It is the process of building interfaces that clearly communicates to the user what's important. UI design refers to graphical user interfaces and other forms of interface design.
Limit state designLimit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements.
Bending momentIn solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.
Connexion (mathématiques)En géométrie différentielle, la connexion est un outil pour réaliser le transport parallèle. Il existe plusieurs présentations qui dépendent de l'utilisation faite. Cette notion a été développée au début des années 1920 par Élie Cartan et Hermann Weyl (avec comme cas particulier celle de connexion affine), puis reformulée en 1951 par Charles Ehresmann et Jean-Louis Koszul. Connexion de Koszul La connexion de Koszul est un opérateur sur des espaces de sections.
Connection (principal bundle)In mathematics, and especially differential geometry and gauge theory, a connection is a device that defines a notion of parallel transport on the bundle; that is, a way to "connect" or identify fibers over nearby points. A principal G-connection on a principal G-bundle P over a smooth manifold M is a particular type of connection which is compatible with the action of the group G. A principal connection can be viewed as a special case of the notion of an Ehresmann connection, and is sometimes called a principal Ehresmann connection.
