Superfluid helium-4Superfluid helium-4 is the superfluid form of helium-4, an isotope of the element helium. A superfluid is a state of matter in which matter behaves like a fluid with zero viscosity. The substance, which looks like a normal liquid, flows without friction past any surface, which allows it to continue to circulate over obstructions and through pores in containers which hold it, subject only to its own inertia. The formation of the superfluid is known to be related to the formation of a Bose–Einstein condensate.
Quantum turbulenceQuantum turbulence is the name given to the turbulent flow – the chaotic motion of a fluid at high flow rates – of quantum fluids, such as superfluids. The idea that a form of turbulence might be possible in a superfluid via the quantized vortex lines was first suggested by Richard Feynman. The dynamics of quantum fluids are governed by quantum mechanics, rather than classical physics which govern classical (ordinary) fluids.
Macroscopic quantum phenomenaMacroscopic quantum phenomena are processes showing quantum behavior at the macroscopic scale, rather than at the atomic scale where quantum effects are prevalent. The best-known examples of macroscopic quantum phenomena are superfluidity and superconductivity; other examples include the quantum Hall effect and topological order. Since 2000 there has been extensive experimental work on quantum gases, particularly Bose–Einstein condensates. Between 1996 and 2016 six Nobel Prizes were given for work related to macroscopic quantum phenomena.
Magnetic flux quantumThe magnetic flux, represented by the symbol Φ, threading some contour or loop is defined as the magnetic field B multiplied by the loop area S, i.e. Φ = B ⋅ S. Both B and S can be arbitrary, meaning Φ can be as well. However, if one deals with the superconducting loop or a hole in a bulk superconductor, the magnetic flux threading such a hole/loop is quantized. The (superconducting) magnetic flux quantum Φ0 = h/(2e) ≈ is a combination of fundamental physical constants: the Planck constant h and the electron charge e.
Quantum vortexIn physics, a quantum vortex represents a quantized flux circulation of some physical quantity. In most cases, quantum vortices are a type of topological defect exhibited in superfluids and superconductors. The existence of quantum vortices was first predicted by Lars Onsager in 1949 in connection with superfluid helium. Onsager reasoned that quantisation of vorticity is a direct consequence of the existence of a superfluid order parameter as a spatially continuous wavefunction.
SuperfluiditéLa superfluidité est un état de la matière dans lequel celle-ci se comporte comme un fluide dépourvu de toute viscosité. Découverte en 1937 par Piotr Kapitsa, simultanément avec, semble-t-il, John F. Allen et A. Don Misener, elle a d'abord été décrite comme une propriété de l'hélium (à très basse température) lui permettant de s'écouler à travers des canaux capillaires ou des fentes étroites sans viscosité.
SupraconductivitéLa supraconductivité, ou supraconduction, est un phénomène physique caractérisé par l'absence de résistance électrique et l'expulsion du champ magnétique — l'effet Meissner — à l'intérieur de certains matériaux dits supraconducteurs. La supraconductivité découverte historiquement en premier, et que l'on nomme communément supraconductivité conventionnelle, se manifeste à des températures très basses, proches du zéro absolu (). La supraconductivité permet notamment de transporter de l'électricité sans perte d'énergie.
Quantum hydrodynamicsIn condensed matter physics, quantum hydrodynamics is most generally the study of hydrodynamic-like systems which demonstrate quantum mechanical behavior. They arise in semiclassical mechanics in the study of metal and semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann transport equation combined with Wigner quasiprobability distribution. In quantum chemistry they arise as solutions to chemical kinetic systems, in which case they are derived from the Schrödinger equation by way of Madelung equations.
Supraconducteur à haute températureUn supraconducteur à haute température (en anglais, high-temperature superconductor : high- ou HTSC) est un matériau présentant une température critique de supraconductivité relativement élevée par rapport aux supraconducteurs conventionnels, c'est-à-dire en général à des températures supérieures à soit . Ce terme désigne en général la famille des matériaux de type cuprate, dont la supraconductivité existe jusqu'à . Mais d'autres familles de supraconducteurs, comme les supraconducteurs à base de fer découverts en 2008, peuvent aussi être désignées par ce même terme.
Flavor-changing neutral currentIn particle physics, flavor-changing neutral currents or flavour-changing neutral currents (FCNCs) are hypothetical interactions that change the flavor of a fermion without altering its electric charge. If they occur in nature (as reflected by Lagrangian interaction terms), these processes may induce phenomena that have not yet been observed in experiment. Flavor-changing neutral currents may occur in the Standard Model beyond the tree level, but they are highly suppressed by the GIM mechanism.
