Stochastic simulationA stochastic simulation is a simulation of a system that has variables that can change stochastically (randomly) with individual probabilities. Realizations of these random variables are generated and inserted into a model of the system. Outputs of the model are recorded, and then the process is repeated with a new set of random values. These steps are repeated until a sufficient amount of data is gathered. In the end, the distribution of the outputs shows the most probable estimates as well as a frame of expectations regarding what ranges of values the variables are more or less likely to fall in.
Simulation à événements discretsLa simulation à évènements discrets est une technique utilisée dans le cadre de l’étude de la dynamique des systèmes. Elle consiste en une modélisation informatique où le changement de l'état d'un système, au cours du temps, est une suite d'évènements discrets. Chaque évènement arrive à un instant donné et modifie l'état du système. De nos jours, cette technique est couramment utilisée tant par les industries et les entreprises de services afin de concevoir, optimiser et valider leurs organisations que par les centres de recherche dans l’optique d’étudier les systèmes complexes non linéaires.
Agent-based modelAn agent-based model (ABM) is a computational model for simulating the actions and interactions of autonomous agents (both individual or collective entities such as organizations or groups) in order to understand the behavior of a system and what governs its outcomes. It combines elements of game theory, complex systems, emergence, computational sociology, multi-agent systems, and evolutionary programming. Monte Carlo methods are used to understand the stochasticity of these models.
Social simulationSocial simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and linguistics . Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
Système de recommandationLes systèmes de recommandation sont une forme spécifique de filtrage de l'information (SI) visant à présenter les éléments d'information (films, musique, livres, news, images, pages Web, etc) qui sont susceptibles d'intéresser l'utilisateur. Généralement, un système de recommandation permet de comparer le profil d'un utilisateur à certaines caractéristiques de référence, et cherche à prédire l'« avis » que donnerait un utilisateur.
Expectation of privacy (United States)In United States constitutional law, expectation of privacy is a legal test which is crucial in defining the scope of the applicability of the privacy protections of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. It is related to, but is not the same as, a right to privacy, a much broader concept which is found in many legal systems (see privacy law). Overall, expectations of privacy can be subjective or objective.
User experience designUser experience design (UX design, UXD, UED, or XD) is the process of defining the experience a user would go through when interacting with a company, its services, and its products. Design decisions in UX design are often driven by research, data analysis, and test results rather than aesthetic preferences and opinions. Unlike user interface design, which focuses solely on the design of a computer interface, UX design encompasses all aspects of a user's perceived experience with a product or website, such as its usability, usefulness, desirability, brand perception, and overall performance.
Internet privacyInternet privacy involves the right or mandate of personal privacy concerning the storage, re-purposing, provision to third parties, and display of information pertaining to oneself via the Internet. Internet privacy is a subset of data privacy. Privacy concerns have been articulated from the beginnings of large-scale computer sharing and especially relate to mass surveillance enabled by the emergence of computer technologies. Privacy can entail either personally identifiable information (PII) or non-PII information such as a site visitor's behaviour on a website.
Privacy concerns with social networking servicesSince the arrival of early social networking sites in the early 2000s, online social networking platforms have expanded exponentially, with the biggest names in social media in the mid-2010s being Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Snapchat. The massive influx of personal information that has become available online and stored in the cloud has put user privacy at the forefront of discussion regarding the database's ability to safely store such personal information.
Droit à l'oubliLe droit à l'oubli est un concept qui a été discuté et mis en pratique dans l'Union européenne tout à la fin du . Il permet à un individu de demander le retrait sur le World Wide Web de certaines informations qui pourraient lui nuire sur des actions qu'il a faites dans le passé. Le droit à l'oubli s'applique concrètement soit par le retrait de l'information sur le site d'origine, on parle alors du droit à l'effacement, soit par un déréférencement du site internet par les moteurs de recherches, on parle alors du droit au déréférencement.
