Bone painBone pain (also known medically by several other names) is pain coming from a bone, and is caused by damaging stimuli. It occurs as a result of a wide range of diseases or physical conditions or both, and may severely impair the quality of life. Bone pain belongs to the class of deep somatic pain, often experienced as a dull pain that cannot be localized accurately by the patient. This is in contrast with the pain which is mediated by superficial receptors in, e.g., the skin.
Bone marrow adipose tissueBone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow. It increases in states of low bone density -osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa/ caloric restriction, skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in space travel, and anti-diabetes therapies. BMAT decreases in anaemia, leukaemia, and hypertensive heart failure; in response to hormones such as oestrogen, leptin, and growth hormone; with exercise-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery; in response to chronic cold exposure; and in response to pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and metformin.
Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Dépression médullaireLa dépression médullaire, également appelée myélotoxicité ou myélosuppression, est la diminution de la production de cellules responsables de l'immunité (leucocytes), transportant l'oxygène (érythrocytes) et / ou celles responsables de la coagulation sanguine normale (thrombocytes). La dépression médullaire est un effet secondaire grave de la chimiothérapie et de certains médicaments affectant le système immunitaire tels que l'azathioprine. Le risque est particulièrement élevé en chimiothérapie cytotoxique pour la leucémie.
Grade universitaireUn grade universitaire est un degré dans la hiérarchie des études supérieures. Il est attesté par un diplôme délivré par les universités et autres institutions d’études supérieures. Les grades sont conférés aux titulaires de diplômes de l'enseignement supérieur délivrés par les universités et les établissements habilités. Les grades peuvent être également conférés aux titulaires de certains diplômes propres à des établissements. À ces grades peuvent être associés un certain nombre de droits et de privilèges, pouvant varier suivant les disciplines et les finalités.
Licence universitaireLa licence universitaire est un diplôme de l'enseignement supérieur dans le domaine universitaire ; selon les pays, il y a plusieurs niveaux : diplôme de premier cycle (voir premier cycle universitaire) en Afrique francophone, en Amérique latine, au Brésil, en France (diplôme national de licence), en Pologne, au Portugal (après la réforme BMD) ancien diplôme de deuxième cycle (avant la réforme BMD) (voir deuxième cycle universitaire) au Portugal, en Espagne, au Danemark, en Norvège, en Suède, en Argentine,
Law degreeA law degree is an academic degree conferred for studies in law. Such degrees are generally preparation for legal careers. But while their curricula may be reviewed by legal authority, they do not confer a license themselves. A legal license is granted by examination, and exercised locally. The law degree can have local, international, and world-wide aspects, such as in England and Wales, where the Legal Practice Course or passing Solicitors Qualifying Examination (SQE) is required to become a solicitor or the Bar Professional Training Course (BPTC) to become a barrister.
Master's degreeA master's degree (from Latin magister) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. A master's degree normally requires previous study at the bachelor's level, either as a separate degree or as part of an integrated course.
Diabète de type 1Le diabète de type 1, diabète insulinodépendant (ou insulino-dépendant) (DID), diabète inné (anciennement appelé diabète sucré), ou encore DT1 (terme de plus en plus employé dans le milieu médical), est une maladie auto-immune irréversible. Il apparaît le plus souvent de manière brutale chez l'enfant ou chez le jeune adulte (ou beaucoup plus rarement chez les personnes plus âgées) mais peut parfois aussi être présent depuis la naissance et ne se révéler qu'à l'adolescence.
