Géométrie complexeIn mathematics, complex geometry is the study of geometric structures and constructions arising out of, or described by, the complex numbers. In particular, complex geometry is concerned with the study of spaces such as complex manifolds and complex algebraic varieties, functions of several complex variables, and holomorphic constructions such as holomorphic vector bundles and coherent sheaves. Application of transcendental methods to algebraic geometry falls in this category, together with more geometric aspects of complex analysis.
Curvature of Riemannian manifoldsIn mathematics, specifically differential geometry, the infinitesimal geometry of Riemannian manifolds with dimension greater than 2 is too complicated to be described by a single number at a given point. Riemann introduced an abstract and rigorous way to define curvature for these manifolds, now known as the Riemann curvature tensor. Similar notions have found applications everywhere in differential geometry of surfaces and other objects. The curvature of a pseudo-Riemannian manifold can be expressed in the same way with only slight modifications.
Tenseur de Riemannvignette|Motivation de la courbure de Riemann pour les variétés sphériques. En géométrie riemannienne, le tenseur de courbure de Riemann-Christoffel est la façon la plus courante d'exprimer la courbure des variétés riemanniennes, ou plus généralement d'une variété disposant d'une connexion affine, avec ou sans torsion. Soit deux géodésiques d'un espace courbe, parallèles au voisinage d'un point P. Le parallélisme ne sera pas nécessairement conservé en d'autres points de l'espace.
Cell migrationCell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations. Cells often migrate in response to specific external signals, including chemical signals and mechanical signals. Errors during this process have serious consequences, including intellectual disability, vascular disease, tumor formation and metastasis.
Constant curvatureIn mathematics, constant curvature is a concept from differential geometry. Here, curvature refers to the sectional curvature of a space (more precisely a manifold) and is a single number determining its local geometry. The sectional curvature is said to be constant if it has the same value at every point and for every two-dimensional tangent plane at that point. For example, a sphere is a surface of constant positive curvature.
Géométrie symplectiqueLa géométrie symplectique est un domaine de la recherche mathématique, s'intéressant à l'origine à une formulation mathématique naturelle de la mécanique classique et développé avec une notion d'entrelacement entre la géométrie différentielle et les systèmes dynamiques, avec des applications en géométrie algébrique, en géométrie riemannienne et en géométrie de contact. Formellement, elle consiste en l'étude des 2-formes différentielles fermées non dégénérées — appelées formes symplectiques — sur les variétés différentielles.
Outer membrane vesiclesOuter membrane vesicles (OMVs) are vesicles released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. While Gram-positive bacteria release vesicles as well those vesicles fall under the broader category of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs). OMVs were the first MVs to be discovered, and are distinguished from outer inner membrane vesicles (OIMVS), which are gram-negitive baterial vesicles containing portions of both the outer and inner bacterial membrane.
Géométrie conformeEn mathématiques, la géométrie conforme est l'étude de l'ensemble des transformations préservant l'angle (conformes) sur un espace. Dans un espace réel de dimension 2, la géométrie conforme est précisément la géométrie des surfaces de Riemann. Dans des espaces de dimension supérieure à 2, la géométrie conforme peut se référer soit à l'étude des transformations conformes de ce qu'on appelle les "espaces plats" (tels que les espaces euclidiens ou les sphères), soit à l'étude des variétés conformes qui sont des variétés riemanniennes ou pseudo-riemanniennes.
Amoeboid movementAmoeboid movement is the most typical mode of locomotion in adherent eukaryotic cells. It is a crawling-like type of movement accomplished by protrusion of cytoplasm of the cell involving the formation of pseudopodia ("false-feet") and posterior uropods. One or more pseudopodia may be produced at a time depending on the organism, but all amoeboid movement is characterized by the movement of organisms with an amorphous form that possess no set motility structures.
Cell polarityCell polarity refers to spatial differences in shape, structure, and function within a cell. Almost all cell types exhibit some form of polarity, which enables them to carry out specialized functions. Classical examples of polarized cells are described below, including epithelial cells with apical-basal polarity, neurons in which signals propagate in one direction from dendrites to axons, and migrating cells. Furthermore, cell polarity is important during many types of asymmetric cell division to set up functional asymmetries between daughter cells.
