Conformal groupIn mathematics, the conformal group of an inner product space is the group of transformations from the space to itself that preserve angles. More formally, it is the group of transformations that preserve the conformal geometry of the space. Several specific conformal groups are particularly important: The conformal orthogonal group. If V is a vector space with a quadratic form Q, then the conformal orthogonal group CO(V, Q) is the group of linear transformations T of V for which there exists a scalar λ such that for all x in V For a definite quadratic form, the conformal orthogonal group is equal to the orthogonal group times the group of dilations.
Groupe de renormalisationEn physique statistique, le groupe de renormalisation est un ensemble de transformations qui permettent de transformer un hamiltonien en un autre hamiltonien par élimination de degrés de liberté tout en laissant la fonction de partition invariante. Il s'agit plus exactement d'un semi-groupe, les transformations n'étant pas inversibles. Le groupe de renormalisation permet de calculer les exposants critiques d'une transition de phase. Il permet aussi de prédire la transition Berezinsky-Kosterlitz-Thouless.
Universality (dynamical systems)In statistical mechanics, universality is the observation that there are properties for a large class of systems that are independent of the dynamical details of the system. Systems display universality in a scaling limit, when a large number of interacting parts come together. The modern meaning of the term was introduced by Leo Kadanoff in the 1960s, but a simpler version of the concept was already implicit in the van der Waals equation and in the earlier Landau theory of phase transitions, which did not incorporate scaling correctly.
Topological quantum field theoryIn gauge theory and mathematical physics, a topological quantum field theory (or topological field theory or TQFT) is a quantum field theory which computes topological invariants. Although TQFTs were invented by physicists, they are also of mathematical interest, being related to, among other things, knot theory and the theory of four-manifolds in algebraic topology, and to the theory of moduli spaces in algebraic geometry. Donaldson, Jones, Witten, and Kontsevich have all won Fields Medals for mathematical work related to topological field theory.
Spherical wave transformationSpherical wave transformations leave the form of spherical waves as well as the laws of optics and electrodynamics invariant in all inertial frames. They were defined between 1908 and 1909 by Harry Bateman and Ebenezer Cunningham, with Bateman giving the transformation its name. They correspond to the conformal group of "transformations by reciprocal radii" in relation to the framework of Lie sphere geometry, which were already known in the 19th century.
W-algebraIn conformal field theory and representation theory, a W-algebra is an associative algebra that generalizes the Virasoro algebra. W-algebras were introduced by Alexander Zamolodchikov, and the name "W-algebra" comes from the fact that Zamolodchikov used the letter W for one of the elements of one of his examples. A W-algebra is an associative algebra that is generated by the modes of a finite number of meromorphic fields , including the energy-momentum tensor . For , is a primary field of conformal dimension .
Partitionnement de donnéesvignette|upright=1.2|Exemple de clustering hiérarchique. Le partitionnement de données (ou data clustering en anglais) est une méthode en analyse des données. Elle vise à diviser un ensemble de données en différents « paquets » homogènes, en ce sens que les données de chaque sous-ensemble partagent des caractéristiques communes, qui correspondent le plus souvent à des critères de proximité (similarité informatique) que l'on définit en introduisant des mesures et classes de distance entre objets.
Scalar field theoryIn theoretical physics, scalar field theory can refer to a relativistically invariant classical or quantum theory of scalar fields. A scalar field is invariant under any Lorentz transformation. The only fundamental scalar quantum field that has been observed in nature is the Higgs field. However, scalar quantum fields feature in the effective field theory descriptions of many physical phenomena. An example is the pion, which is actually a pseudoscalar.
Beta function (physics)In theoretical physics, specifically quantum field theory, a beta function, β(g), encodes the dependence of a coupling parameter, g, on the energy scale, μ, of a given physical process described by quantum field theory. It is defined as and, because of the underlying renormalization group, it has no explicit dependence on μ, so it only depends on μ implicitly through g. This dependence on the energy scale thus specified is known as the running of the coupling parameter, a fundamental feature of scale-dependence in quantum field theory, and its explicit computation is achievable through a variety of mathematical techniques.
Regroupement hiérarchiqueDans le domaine de l'analyse et de la classification automatique de données, le regroupement hiérarchique est un partitionnement de données ou clustering, au moyen de diverses méthodes, dites « ascendantes » et « descendantes ». Les méthodes dites « descendantes » partent d’une solution générale vers une autre plus spécifique. Les méthodes de cette catégorie démarrent avec une seule classe contenant la totalité puis se divisent à chaque étape selon un critère jusqu’à l’obtention d’un ensemble de classes différentes.
