Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Cell countingCell counting is any of various methods for the counting or similar quantification of cells in the life sciences, including medical diagnosis and treatment. It is an important subset of cytometry, with applications in research and clinical practice. For example, the complete blood count can help a physician to determine why a patient feels unwell and what to do to help. Cell counts within liquid media (such as blood, plasma, lymph, or laboratory rinsate) are usually expressed as a number of cells per unit of volume, thus expressing a concentration (for example, 5,000 cells per milliliter).
Hémogrammevignette|redresse=1.5|Prise de sang dans un hôpital de La Nouvelle-Orléans. L'hémogramme, aussi appelé numération de la formule sanguine (NFS), formule sanguine complète (FSC), ou examen hématologique complet (hémato complet), est l'analyse quantitative (numération) et qualitative (formule) des éléments figurés du sang : hématies (globules rouges ou érythrocytes), leucocytes (globules blancs) et thrombocytes (plaquettes). L'analyse se fait de nos jours par un automate d'analyses médicales, à partir d'échantillons prélevés lors d'une prise de sang, et conservés au moyen d'un anticoagulant.
Asymmetric cell divisionAn asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.
LevureUne levure est un champignon unicellulaire apte à provoquer la fermentation des matières organiques animales ou végétales. Les levures sont employées pour la fabrication du vin, de la bière, des alcools industriels, des pâtes levées, des antibiotiques et d'exhausteurs de goût (les extraits de levure peuvent servir comme agents de sapidité). Le terme « levure » sans spécification peut avoir un emploi générique ou spécifique, dont on vient de donner deux définitions, l'une au singulier et l'autre au pluriel, toutes les deux renvoyant à une classe large d'espèces que la définition spécifie.
Photonic metamaterialA photonic metamaterial (PM), also known as an optical metamaterial, is a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, that interacts with light, covering terahertz (THz), infrared (IR) or visible wavelengths. The materials employ a periodic, cellular structure. The subwavelength periodicity distinguishes photonic metamaterials from photonic band gap or photonic crystal structures. The cells are on a scale that is magnitudes larger than the atom, yet much smaller than the radiated wavelength, are on the order of nanometers.
Fuseau mitotiquevignette|480x480px|Fuseau mitotique à la métaphase, on retrouve les 2 centrosomes, les divers types de microtubules et les différents moteurs protéiques.Le fuseau mitotique, ou appareil mitotique achromatique, est un système mis en place par les cellules eucaryotes pour permettre la migration des chromatides lors de la division cellulaire dès le stade de la prophase. Il est constitué de microtubules et de protéines associées et forme un véritable fuseau entre les pôles opposés d’une cellule.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Index ellipsoidIn crystal optics, the index ellipsoid (also known as the optical indicatrix or sometimes as the dielectric ellipsoid) is a geometric construction which concisely represents the refractive indices and associated polarizations of light, as functions of the orientation of the wavefront, in a doubly-refractive crystal (provided that the crystal does not exhibit optical rotation).
PathologieLa pathologie est la science qui a pour objet l'étude des maladies, notamment de leurs causes (étiologie) et de leurs mécanismes (physiopathologie). La nosologie, quant à elle, a pour objet la classification des maladies. La pathologie cardiaque est ainsi l'étude des maladies du cœur. Selon le type d'être vivant étudié, on distingue : pour les plantes, la pathologie végétale ; pour les animaux, la pathologie animale ; pour l'Homme, la pathologie humaine. La pathologie humaine est une spécialité médicale.
