Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
GénomiqueLa génomique est une discipline de la biologie moderne. Elle étudie le fonctionnement d'un organisme, d'un organe, d'un cancer, etc. à l'échelle du génome, au lieu de se limiter à l'échelle d'un seul gène. La génomique se divise en deux branches : La génomique structurale, qui se charge du séquençage du génome entier ; La génomique fonctionnelle, qui vise à déterminer la fonction et l'expression des gènes séquencés en caractérisant le transcriptome et le protéome. La génomique est l'équivalent de la métabolomique pour les métabolites.
Nonprobability samplingSampling is the use of a subset of the population to represent the whole population or to inform about (social) processes that are meaningful beyond the particular cases, individuals or sites studied. Probability sampling, or random sampling, is a sampling technique in which the probability of getting any particular sample may be calculated. In cases where external validity is not of critical importance to the study's goals or purpose, researchers might prefer to use nonprobability sampling.
Multistage samplingIn statistics, multistage sampling is the taking of samples in stages using smaller and smaller sampling units at each stage. Multistage sampling can be a complex form of cluster sampling because it is a type of sampling which involves dividing the population into groups (or clusters). Then, one or more clusters are chosen at random and everyone within the chosen cluster is sampled. Using all the sample elements in all the selected clusters may be prohibitively expensive or unnecessary.
Bacterial genomeBacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp to over 14 Mbp. A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size increases, the number of genes increases at a disproportionately slower rate in eukaryotes than in non-eukaryotes. Thus, the proportion of non-coding DNA goes up with genome size more quickly in non-bacteria than in bacteria.
Génomique comparativeLa génomique comparative est l'étude comparative de la structure en fonction des génomes de différentes espèces. Elle permet d'identifier et de comprendre les effets de la sélection sur l'organisation et l'évolution des génomes. Ce nouvel axe de recherche bénéficie de l'augmentation du nombre de génomes séquencés et de la puissance des outils informatiques. Une des applications majeures de la génomique comparative est la découverte de gènes et de leurs séquences régulatrices non codantes basée sur le principe de conservation.
Erreur typeLerreur type d'une statistique (souvent une estimation d'un paramètre) est l'écart type de sa distribution d'échantillonnage ou l'estimation de son écart type. Si le paramètre ou la statistique est la moyenne, on parle d'erreur type de la moyenne. La distribution d'échantillonnage est générée par tirage répété et enregistrements des moyennes obtenues. Cela forme une distribution de moyennes différentes, et cette distribution a sa propre moyenne et variance.
Écart typethumb|Exemple de deux échantillons ayant la même moyenne (100) mais des écarts types différents illustrant l'écart type comme mesure de la dispersion autour de la moyenne. La population rouge a un écart type (SD = standard deviation) de 10 et la population bleue a un écart type de 50. En mathématiques, l’écart type (aussi orthographié écart-type) est une mesure de la dispersion des valeurs d'un échantillon statistique ou d'une distribution de probabilité.
Sequence analysisIn bioinformatics, sequence analysis is the process of subjecting a DNA, RNA or peptide sequence to any of a wide range of analytical methods to understand its features, function, structure, or evolution. Methodologies used include sequence alignment, searches against biological databases, and others. Since the development of methods of high-throughput production of gene and protein sequences, the rate of addition of new sequences to the databases increased very rapidly.
Simple random sampleIn statistics, a simple random sample (or SRS) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a process of selecting a sample in a random way. In SRS, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.
