Complementary metal oxide semi-conductorvignette|Vue en coupe d'un transistor MOS On appelle CMOS, ou Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, une technologie de fabrication de composants électroniques et, par extension, les composants fabriqués selon cette technologie. Ce sont pour la plupart des circuits logiques (NAND, NOR) comme ceux de la famille Transistor-Transistor logic (TTL) mais, à la différence de ces derniers, ils peuvent être aussi utilisés comme résistance variable.
Electric energy consumptionElectric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy. About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes. Quickly increasing this share by further electrification is extremely important to limit climate change, because most other energy is consumed by burning fossil fuels thus emitting greenhouse gases which trap heat. The global electricity consumption in 2022 was 24,398 terawatt-hour (TWh), almost exactly three times the amount of consumption in 1981 (8,132 TWh).
GlobalFoundriesGlobalfoundries est l'une des plus importantes entreprises indépendantes de fonderie de semi-conducteurs au monde, deuxième après TSMC. Globalfoundries était la fonderie d'AMD, qui s'en est séparé en 2009. L'entreprise est 100% détenue par ATIC, le fonds souverain des Émirats Arabes Unis. Son siège est situé à Sunnyvale en Californie. En fin d'année 2009, GlobalFoundries a acquis Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing qui était alors la indépendante mondiale.
Commutateur réseauUn commutateur réseau, ou switch, est un équipement qui relie plusieurs segments (câbles ou fibres) dans un réseau informatique et de télécommunication et qui permet de créer des circuits virtuels. La commutation est un des deux modes de transport de trame au sein des réseaux informatiques et de communication, l'autre étant le routage. Dans les réseaux locaux (LAN), il s'agit le plus souvent d'un boîtier disposant de plusieurs ports RJ45 (entre 4 et plusieurs centaines), il a donc la même apparence qu'un concentrateur (hub).
Complex programmable logic deviceA complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The main building block of the CPLD is a macrocell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations. Some of the CPLD features are in common with PALs: Non-volatile configuration memory. Unlike many FPGAs, an external configuration ROM isn't required, and the CPLD can function immediately on system start-up.
Link-state routing protocolLink-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer communications, the others being distance-vector routing protocols. Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) and Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS). The link-state protocol is performed by every switching node in the network (i.e., nodes that are prepared to forward packets; in the Internet, these are called routers).
7400-series integrated circuitsThe 7400 series is a popular logic family of transistor–transistor logic (TTL) integrated circuits (ICs). In 1964, Texas Instruments introduced the SN5400 series of logic chips, in a ceramic semiconductor package. A low-cost plastic package SN7400 series was introduced in 1966 which quickly gained over 50% of the logic chip market, and eventually becoming de facto standardized electronic components. Over the decades, many generations of pin-compatible descendant families evolved to include support for low power CMOS technology, lower supply voltages, and surface mount packages.
InterrupteurEn électrotechnique, un interrupteur (dérivé de « rupture ») est un commutateur permettant seulement d'interrompre ou d'autoriser le passage d'un flux. Il ne faut pas confondre l'interrupteur qui permet d'éteindre ou d'allumer un appareil, et le commutateur qui permet de choisir entre plusieurs états actifs d'un appareil. Par extension, tout système destiné à interrompre quelque chose peut être dénommé interrupteur. right|thumb|upright|Différents types d'interrupteurs.
Transistor countThe transistor count is the number of transistors in an electronic device (typically on a single substrate or "chip"). It is the most common measure of integrated circuit complexity (although the majority of transistors in modern microprocessors are contained in the cache memories, which consist mostly of the same memory cell circuits replicated many times). The rate at which MOS transistor counts have increased generally follows Moore's law, which observed that the transistor count doubles approximately every two years.
Low-κ dielectricIn semiconductor manufacturing, a low-κ is a material with a small relative dielectric constant (κ, kappa) relative to silicon dioxide. Low-κ dielectric material implementation is one of several strategies used to allow continued scaling of microelectronic devices, colloquially referred to as extending Moore's law. In digital circuits, insulating dielectrics separate the conducting parts (wire interconnects and transistors) from one another.
