SiltationSiltation is water pollution caused by particulate terrestrial clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill. It is sometimes referred to by the ambiguous term "sediment pollution", which can also refer to a chemical contamination of sediments accumulated on the bottom, or to pollutants bound to sediment particles.
Aeolian processesAeolian processes, also spelled eolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets). Winds may erode, transport, and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation, a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments. Although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as deserts.
Ingénierie fluvialevignette|Plan d'une rivière canalisée vignette|Profil transversal d'une rivière canalisée L'ingénierie fluviale (ou ingénierie des cours d'eau) est l'intervention planifiée de l’homme sur les caractéristiques d'une rivière avec l'intention de produire un bénéfice. L’ingénierie fluviale est une branche de l’hydraulique qui se consacre à l’aménagement, la régulation et l’exploitation des cours d’eau ainsi qu’à la prévention des dégâts liés aux inondations par la maîtrise des crues.
Coastal sediment supplyCoastal sediment supply is the transport of sediment to the beach environment by both fluvial and aeolian transport. While aeolian transport plays a role in the overall sedimentary budget for the coastal environment, it is paled in comparison to the fluvial supply which makes up 95% of sediment entering the ocean. When sediment reaches the coast it is then entrained by longshore drift and littoral cells until it is accreted upon the beach or dunes. While it is acknowledged that storm systems are the driver behind coastal erosion.
Classement granulométriquevignette|250x250px| Sédiment constitué de grains bien triés (well sorted, à gauche) comparés à des grains mal triés (poorly sorted , à droite). Le classement granulométrique ou tri décrit la distribution de la grosseur des grains, ou granulométrie des sédiments, soit dans les dépôts non consolidés, soit dans les roches sédimentaires. Cela ne doit pas être confondu avec la taille des cristallites, qui se réfère à la taille individuelle d'un cristal dans un solide. La cristallite est la pierre angulaire d'un grain.
Flood warningA flood warning is closely linked to the task of flood forecasting. The distinction between the two is that the outcome of flood forecasting is a set of forecast time-profiles of channel flows or river levels at various locations, while "flood warning" is the task of making use of these forecasts to make decisions about whether warnings of floods should be issued to the general public or whether previous warnings should be rescinded or retracted.
Urban floodingUrban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a built environment, particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of drainage systems, such as storm sewers. Although sometimes triggered by events such as flash flooding or snowmelt, urban flooding is a condition, characterized by its repetitive and systemic impacts on communities, that can happen regardless of whether or not affected communities are located within designated floodplains or near any body of water.
Sédimentation marinevignette|Répartition des sédiments marins dans l'Océan mondial. Jaune : sédiments carbonatés biogènes ; brun : argiles rouges des grands fonds ; orange : sédiments terrigènes ; blanc : sédiments des marges continentales ; vert : sédiments siliceux biogènes ; bleu : sédiments glaciaires. La sédimentation marine comprend tous les processus conduisant à la formation de sédiments marins (sédimentation littorale ou côtière, océanique, bathyale, abyssale, etc.).
Submersion marinethumb|Submersion marine à la suite de la tempête Xynthia à Sainte-Marie-de-Ré sur l'île de Ré (Charente-Maritime) thumb|Submersion marine à la Nouvelle-Orléans (USA) due à l'ouragan Katrina et à la rupture des digues de protection de la ville en 2005. thumb|Acqua alta sur la place San Marco à Venise Une submersion marine est une inondation temporaire et éventuellement épisodique de zone côtière, générée par la mer voisine, avec de l'eau salée ou saumâtre, lors d’évènements météorologiques (tempête, cyclone tropical, forte dépression et vent de mer) ou océanographiques (houle, marée, tsunami) d’ampleur très inhabituelle.
Pelagic sedimentPelagic sediment or pelagite is a fine-grained sediment that accumulates as the result of the settling of particles to the floor of the open ocean, far from land. These particles consist primarily of either the microscopic, calcareous or siliceous shells of phytoplankton or zooplankton; clay-size siliciclastic sediment; or some mixture of these. Trace amounts of meteoric dust and variable amounts of volcanic ash also occur within pelagic sediments.
