VégétationLa végétation est l'ensemble des plantes qui poussent en un lieu donné selon leur nature. De la notion de végétation découlent les notions connexes de tapis végétal, de paysage végétal, de type de végétation et de formation végétale. On distingue la végétation naturelle composée de plantes sauvages dites spontanées de la végétation artificialisée composée de plantes cultivées. On considère ce qui pousse sur une surface donnée de sol, ou dans un milieu aquatique. On parle aussi de « couverture végétale » ou de « paysage végétal ».
Rang taxonomiquevignette|Principaux rangs taxinomiques. En nomenclature biologique, on nomme rangs taxinomiques, ou rangs taxonomiques, les niveaux hiérarchiques de la classification scientifique du monde vivant, qui du règne à l'espèce, forment les étages de la pyramide accueillant les taxons de la systématique d'un groupe donné d'animaux, de plantes, de champignons, de protistes, de bactéries ou d’archées.
Taxonomievignette|350px|La classification classique du vivant classe les êtres vivants selon une hiérarchie de groupes de plus en plus vastes. La taxonomie ou taxinomie est une branche des sciences naturelles qui a pour objet l'étude de la diversité du monde vivant. Cette activité consiste à décrire et circonscrire en termes d'espèces les organismes vivants et à les organiser en catégories hiérarchisées appelées taxons. Elle doit proposer des outils et des méthodes permettant de les identifier (notamment grâce aux clés de détermination).
Community (ecology)In ecology, a community is a group or association of populations of two or more different species occupying the same geographical area at the same time, also known as a biocoenosis, biotic community, biological community, ecological community, or life assemblage. The term community has a variety of uses. In its simplest form it refers to groups of organisms in a specific place or time, for example, "the fish community of Lake Ontario before industrialization".
Plant communityA plant community is a collection or association of plant species within a designated geographical unit, which forms a relatively uniform patch, distinguishable from neighboring patches of different vegetation types. The components of each plant community are influenced by soil type, topography, climate and human disturbance. In many cases there are several soil types present within a given plant community.
Folk taxonomyA folk taxonomy is a vernacular naming system, as distinct from scientific taxonomy. Folk biological classification is the way people traditionally describe and organize the world around them, typically making generous use of form taxa such as "shrubs", "bugs", "ducks", "fish", "algae", "vegetables", or of economic criteria such as "game animals", "pack animals", "weeds" and other like terms. Folk taxonomies are generated from social knowledge and are used in everyday speech.
Measurement of biodiversityConservation biologists have designed a variety of objective means to empirically measure biodiversity. Each measure of biodiversity relates to a particular use of the data. For practical conservationists, measurements should include . For others, a more economically defensible definition should allow the ensuring of continued possibilities for both adaptation and future use by humans, assuring environmental sustainability. As a consequence, biologists argue that this measure is likely to be associated with the variety of genes.
Alpha diversityIn ecology, alpha diversity (α-diversity) is the mean species diversity in a site at a local scale. The term was introduced by R. H. Whittaker together with the terms beta diversity (β-diversity) and gamma diversity (γ-diversity). Whittaker's idea was that the total species diversity in a landscape (gamma diversity) is determined by two different things, the mean species diversity in sites at a more local scale (alpha diversity) and the differentiation among those sites (beta diversity).
Complex traitsComplex traits, also known as quantitative traits, are traits that do not behave according to simple Mendelian inheritance laws. More specifically, their inheritance cannot be explained by the genetic segregation of a single gene. Such traits show a continuous range of variation and are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Compared to strictly Mendelian traits, complex traits are far more common, and because they can be hugely polygenic, they are studied using statistical techniques such as quantitative genetics and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping rather than classical genetics methods.
Microbial phylogeneticsMicrobial phylogenetics is the study of the manner in which various groups of microorganisms are genetically related. This helps to trace their evolution. To study these relationships biologists rely on comparative genomics, as physiology and comparative anatomy are not possible methods. Microbial phylogenetics emerged as a field of study in the 1960s, scientists started to create genealogical trees based on differences in the order of amino acids of proteins and nucleotides of genes instead of using comparative anatomy and physiology.
