CosmideUn cosmide est un vecteur artificiel constitué d'un plasmide hybride contenant la séquence cos du phage lambda. Le nom « cosmide » est un mot-valise formé à partir de cos et plasmide. Les cosmides sont fréquemment utilisés comme vecteurs de clonage en génie génétique, et employés pour construire des banques génomiques. Ils ont été initialement décrits par Collins et Hohn en 1978. vignette|440x440px|Schéma illustrant un clonage d'ADN dans un vecteur cosmidique.
Ligation (molecular biology)Ligation is the joining of two nucleic acid fragments through the action of an enzyme. It is an essential laboratory procedure in the molecular cloning of DNA, whereby DNA fragments are joined to create recombinant DNA molecules (such as when a foreign DNA fragment is inserted into a plasmid). The ends of DNA fragments are joined by the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the 3'-hydroxyl of one DNA terminus with the 5'-phosphoryl of another. RNA may also be ligated similarly.
Réparation par excision de baseLa réparation par excision de base (ou BER pour Base excision repair en anglais) est l'un des mécanismes de réparation de l'ADN utilisé par les cellules vivantes pour restaurer l'intégrité de l'ADN. Il est utilisé pour réparer les modifications chimiques survenues au niveau d’une base individuelle. Une telle lésion est réparée par simple élimination de la base, suivi du clivage du désoxyribose, et se termine par une nouvelle synthèse d'ADN intact remplaçant le nucléotide endommagé.
Genetic engineering techniquesGenetic engineering techniques allow the modification of animal and plant genomes. Techniques have been devised to insert, delete, and modify DNA at multiple levels, ranging from a specific base pair in a specific gene to entire genes. There are a number of steps that are followed before a genetically modified organism (GMO) is created. Genetic engineers must first choose what gene they wish to insert, modify, or delete. The gene must then be isolated and incorporated, along with other genetic elements, into a suitable vector.
Réplication circulaire de l'ADNLa réplication de type Rolling circle est un processus de duplication d’acide nucléiques ADN ou ARN donnant plusieurs copies de molécules circulaires d’ADN ou ARN. Ce type de réplication est utilisé pour la duplication de certains plasmides et génome de bactériophages, viroides possédant un génome ARN et quelques virus infectant des cellules eucaryotes. Le rolling circle intervient également dans la duplication de certains transposons (hélitrons et hélentrons).
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
DNA methylationDNA methylation is a biological process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription. In mammals, DNA methylation is essential for normal development and is associated with a number of key processes including genomic imprinting, X-chromosome inactivation, repression of transposable elements, aging, and carcinogenesis.
Édition génomiquealt=|vignette|295x295px|Schéma général du processus de modification localisée du génome. L'édition génomique ou modification localisée de séquence génomique (genome editing pour les anglophones) regroupe un ensemble de techniques de manipulation du génome visant à la modification du matériel (et donc de l'information) génétique. Ces techniques sont plus précises et ciblées que les techniques OGM historiques qui consistent à modifier ces organismes par transgenèse, procédé qui introduit un fragment d'ADN exogène à un emplacement aléatoire du génome.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Vector (molecular biology)In molecular cloning, a vector is any particle (e.g., plasmids, cosmids, Lambda phages) used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell, where it can be replicated and/or expressed. A vector containing foreign DNA is termed recombinant DNA. The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Of these, the most commonly used vectors are plasmids. Common to all engineered vectors are an origin of replication, a multicloning site, and a selectable marker.
