Productivity-improving technologiesThe productivity-improving technologies are the technological innovations that have historically increased productivity. Productivity is often measured as the ratio of (aggregate) output to (aggregate) input in the production of goods and services. Productivity is increased by lowering the amount of labor, capital, energy or materials that go into producing any given amount of economic goods and services. Increases in productivity are largely responsible for the increase in per capita living standards.
Intellectual capitalIntellectual capital is the result of mental processes that form a set of intangible objects that can be used in economic activity and bring income to its owner (organization), covering the competencies of its people (human capital), the value relating to its relationships (relational capital), and everything that is left when the employees go home (structural capital), of which intellectual property (IP) is but one component. It is the sum of everything everybody in a company knows that gives it a competitive edge.
Plus-valueLa plus-value est l'augmentation de valeur qu'un bien peut avoir acquise entre une certaine date et le jour de son acquisition, par l'amélioration qualitative de ce bien, l'augmentation de la demande du marché ou de la spéculation. Cette différence, calculée au moment d'une cession, peut induire la perception d'un impôt sur les plus-values. En France, une plus-value effectivement réalisée est généralement soumise à un impôt sur les plus-values.
Productivité globale des facteursLa productivité globale des facteurs (ou productivité totale des facteurs) désigne la part de la croissance économique qui n'est pas expliquée par l'accroissement des facteurs de production que sont le facteur capital et le facteur travail. Si le calcul de la croissance économique montre qu'elle a été supérieure à l'accroissement du travail et du capital, cela signifie que le travail et le capital ont été utilisés de manière plus efficaces (plus productives) : ce résidu est appelé .
Individual capitalIndividual capital, the economic view of talent, comprises inalienable or personal traits of persons, tied to their bodies and available only through their own free will, such as skill, creativity, enterprise, courage, capacity for moral example, non-communicable wisdom, invention or empathy, non-transferable personal trust and leadership. Individual talent and initiative was recognized as an intangible quality of persons in economics back to at least Adam Smith.
Content validityIn psychometrics, content validity (also known as logical validity) refers to the extent to which a measure represents all facets of a given construct. For example, a depression scale may lack content validity if it only assesses the affective dimension of depression but fails to take into account the behavioral dimension. An element of subjectivity exists in relation to determining content validity, which requires a degree of agreement about what a particular personality trait such as extraversion represents.
Umbrella brandUmbrella branding (also known as family branding) is a marketing practice involving the use of a single brand name for the sale of two or more related products. Umbrella branding is mainly used by companies with a positive brand equity (value of a brand in a certain marketplace). All products use the same means of identification and lack additional brand names or symbols etc. This marketing practice differs from brand extension in that umbrella branding involves the marketing of similar products, rather than differentiated products, under one brand name.
