Régression non paramétriqueLa régression non paramétrique est une forme d'analyse de la régression dans lequel le prédicteur, ou fonction d'estimation, ne prend pas de forme prédéterminée, mais est construit selon les informations provenant des données. La régression non paramétrique exige des tailles d'échantillons plus importantes que celles de la régression basée sur des modèles paramétriques parce que les données doivent fournir la structure du modèle ainsi que les estimations du modèle. On dispose de données numériques que l'on suppose corrélées.
Écologie du solL'écologie du sol est la science des interactions entre les êtres vivants du sol avec celui-ci, et l'étude des natures (biotique et abiotique) des sols eux-mêmes . Il existe un lien important entre la richesse des communautés végétales, fongiques, bactériennes, de la microfaune du sol (biodiversité) et les propriétés et les fonctions écologiques du sol Le sol est à la fois un habitat d'espèces, un produit du vivant et un facteur de sélection des espèces, via des mécanismes complexes encore incomplètement compris.
Social simulationSocial simulation is a research field that applies computational methods to study issues in the social sciences. The issues explored include problems in computational law, psychology, organizational behavior, sociology, political science, economics, anthropology, geography, engineering, archaeology and linguistics . Social simulation aims to cross the gap between the descriptive approach used in the social sciences and the formal approach used in the natural sciences, by moving the focus on the processes/mechanisms/behaviors that build the social reality.
Alkali soilAlkali, or Alkaline, soils are clay soils with high pH (greater than 8.5), a poor soil structure and a low infiltration capacity. Often they have a hard calcareous layer at 0.5 to 1 metre depth. Alkali soils owe their unfavorable physico-chemical properties mainly to the dominating presence of sodium carbonate, which causes the soil to swell and difficult to clarify/settle. They derive their name from the alkali metal group of elements, to which sodium belongs, and which can induce basicity.
Rank correlationIn statistics, a rank correlation is any of several statistics that measure an ordinal association—the relationship between rankings of different ordinal variables or different rankings of the same variable, where a "ranking" is the assignment of the ordering labels "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a particular variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings, and can be used to assess the significance of the relation between them.
Évapotranspirationvignette|Représentation schématique du bilan évapotranspiration/alimentation de la nappe/ruissellement. À l'échelle mondiale, l'évapotranspiration potentielle ETp provient de différents flux d'eau retournant vers l'atmosphère sous forme de vapeur : transpiration (64 % de l'ETp), interception évaporée (27 %), évaporation des sols (6 %) et des étendues d'eau à l'intérieur des terres (3 %). vignette|Pluviométrie mondiale mensuelle.
Terrain cartographyTerrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartographic design, and more recently geographic information systems and geovisualization. The most ancient form of relief depiction in cartography, hill profiles are simply illustrations of mountains and hills in profile, placed as appropriate on generally small-scale (broad area of coverage) maps.
Science des donnéesLa science des données est l'étude de l’extraction automatisée de connaissance à partir de grands ensembles de données. Plus précisément, la science des données est un domaine interdisciplinaire qui utilise des méthodes, des processus, des algorithmes et des systèmes scientifiques pour extraire des connaissances et des idées à partir de nombreuses données structurées ou non . Elle est souvent associée aux données massives et à l'analyse des données.
Soil physicsSoil physics is the study of soil's physical properties and processes. It is applied to management and prediction under natural and managed ecosystems. Soil physics deals with the dynamics of physical soil components and their phases as solids, liquids, and gases. It draws on the principles of physics, physical chemistry, engineering, and meteorology. Soil physics applies these principles to address practical problems of agriculture, ecology, and engineering.
Alpine tundraAlpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate. As the latitude of a location approaches the poles, the threshold elevation for alpine tundra gets lower until it reaches sea level, and alpine tundra merges with polar tundra. The high elevation causes an adverse climate, which is too cold and windy to support tree growth. Alpine tundra transitions to sub-alpine forests below the tree line; stunted forests occurring at the forest-tundra ecotone are known as krummholz.
