Behavior modificationBehavior modification is an early approach that used respondent and operant conditioning to change behavior. Based on methodological behaviorism, overt behavior was modified with consequences, including positive and negative reinforcement contingencies to increase desirable behavior, or administering positive and negative punishment and/or extinction to reduce problematic behavior. It also used Flooding desensitization to combat phobias.
Anorexie mentaleL’anorexie mentale (du grec ancien (anórexis) = « perte de l'appétit ») est l'un des troubles des conduites alimentaires (TCA). Elle se manifeste notamment par une préoccupation très forte de l'apparence, qui entraîne des restrictions alimentaires drastiques. Les sujets qui souffrent de ces troubles sont surtout des adolescentes, même s'il y a de plus en plus de garçons et d'adultes. Les causes sont inconnues et multiples. Les mécanismes sont probablement complexes.
Alcohol abuseAlcohol abuse encompasses a spectrum of unhealthy alcohol drinking behaviors, ranging from binge drinking to alcohol dependence, in extreme cases resulting in health problems for individuals and large scale social problems such as alcohol-related crimes. Alcohol abuse was a psychiatric diagnosis in the DSM-IV, and has been merged with alcohol dependence into alcohol use disorder in the DSM-5. Globally, excessive alcohol consumption is the seventh leading risk factor for both death and the burden of disease and injury, representing 5.
Consommation ostentatoirethumb|L'automobile de luxe, symbole de l'objet de consommation ostentatoire. La consommation ostentatoire est une consommation destinée soit à mettre en évidence son statut social ou son mode de vie, soit à faire croire aux autres que l'on possède ce statut social ou mode de vie. Le concept de consommation ostentatoire est originellement utilisé pour décrire la consommation des classes supérieures dans les pays occidentaux par les sociologues.
Long-term effects of alcoholThe long-term heavy consumption of alcohol (alcohol use disorder) can cause severe detrimental effects. Health effects associated with alcohol intake in large amounts include an increased risk of developing an alcohol use disorder, malnutrition, chronic pancreatitis, erectile dysfunction, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, gastritis, stomach ulcers, alcoholic liver disease, certain types of dementia, and several types of cancer. In addition, damage to the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (e.
Alcohol (drug)Alcohol, sometimes referred to by the chemical name ethanol, is a depressant drug that is the active ingredient in drinks such as beer, wine, and distilled spirits (hard liquor). It is one of the oldest and most commonly consumed recreational drugs, causing the characteristic effects of alcohol intoxication ("drunkenness"). Among other effects, alcohol produces happiness and euphoria, decreased anxiety, increased sociability, sedation, impairment of cognitive, memory, motor, and sensory function, and generalized depression of central nervous system (CNS) function.
Binge eatingBinge eating is a pattern of disordered eating which consists of episodes of uncontrollable eating. It is a common symptom of eating disorders such as binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. During such binges, a person rapidly consumes an excessive quantity of food. A diagnosis of binge eating is associated with feelings of loss of control. Binge eating disorder is also linked with being overweight and obesity. The DSM-5 includes a disorder diagnosis criterion for Binge Eating Disorder (BED).
Syndrome d'hyperphagie incontrôléeLe syndrome d'hyperphagie incontrôlée ou hyperphagie boulimique (en Binge eating disorder) est un trouble des conduites alimentaires. Il se distingue de la boulimie par l'absence de contrôle du poids et donc l'absence de vomissements, de prise de laxatifs ou de pratique sportive excessive. L'évolution de cette variété est plus favorable en comparaison avec le trouble boulimique.
Alcohol and cancerAlcohol causes cancers of the oesophagus, liver, breast, colon, oral cavity, rectum, pharynx, and larynx, and probably causes cancers of the pancreas. Consumption of alcohol in any quantity can cause cancer. The more alcohol is consumed, the higher the cancer risk, and no amount can be considered safe. Alcoholic beverages were classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in 1988. 3.6% of all cancer cases and 3.
Binge drinkingthumb|William Hogarth, 1732 environ, scène d’hyperalcoolisation. Le binge drinking, beuverie express ou hyperalcoolisation rapide est un mode de consommation excessif de boissons alcoolisées sur une courte période de temps, par épisodes ponctuels ou répétés. Ce type de comportement, dans lequel l'état d'ivresse est recherché rapidement, est considéré comme une dépendance ou une dipsomanie, dès lors que la dépendance à l'alcool sous forme épisodique est établie.
