Automorphisme de graphevignette|On peut définir deux automorphismes sur le graphe maison : l'identité et la permutation qui échange les deux « murs » de la « maison ». En mathématiques et en particulier en théorie des graphes, un automorphisme de graphe est une bijection de l'ensemble des sommets vers lui-même qui préserve l'ensemble des arêtes. On peut voir l'automorphisme de graphes comme un isomorphisme de graphes du graphe dans lui-même. On peut en général s'arranger pour mettre en évidence visuellement les automorphismes de graphes sous forme de symétries dans le tracé du graphe.
Matrice antisymétriqueEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en algèbre linéaire, une matrice antisymétrique est une matrice carrée opposée à sa transposée. Une matrice carrée A à coefficients dans un anneau quelconque est dite antisymétrique si sa transposée est égale à son opposée, c'est-à-dire si elle satisfait à l'équation : A = –A ou encore, en l'écrivant avec des coefficients sous la forme A = (ai,j), si : pour tout i et j, aj,i = –ai,j Les matrices suivantes sont antisymétriques : Le cas où la matrice est à coefficients dans un anneau de caractéristique 2 est très particulier.
Mathematical problemA mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems. It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell's Paradox. Informal "real-world" mathematical problems are questions related to a concrete setting, such as "Adam has five apples and gives John three.
Data-flow analysisData-flow analysis is a technique for gathering information about the possible set of values calculated at various points in a computer program. A program's control-flow graph (CFG) is used to determine those parts of a program to which a particular value assigned to a variable might propagate. The information gathered is often used by compilers when optimizing a program. A canonical example of a data-flow analysis is reaching definitions.
Cluster graphIn graph theory, a branch of mathematics, a cluster graph is a graph formed from the disjoint union of complete graphs. Equivalently, a graph is a cluster graph if and only if it has no three-vertex induced path; for this reason, the cluster graphs are also called P_3-free graphs. They are the complement graphs of the complete multipartite graphs and the 2-leaf powers. The cluster graphs are transitively closed, and every transitively closed undirected graph is a cluster graph.
Eigenvector centralityIn graph theory, eigenvector centrality (also called eigencentrality or prestige score) is a measure of the influence of a node in a network. Relative scores are assigned to all nodes in the network based on the concept that connections to high-scoring nodes contribute more to the score of the node in question than equal connections to low-scoring nodes. A high eigenvector score means that a node is connected to many nodes who themselves have high scores. Google's PageRank and the Katz centrality are variants of the eigenvector centrality.
Step functionIn mathematics, a function on the real numbers is called a step function if it can be written as a finite linear combination of indicator functions of intervals. Informally speaking, a step function is a piecewise constant function having only finitely many pieces. A function is called a step function if it can be written as for all real numbers where , are real numbers, are intervals, and is the indicator function of : In this definition, the intervals can be assumed to have the following two properties: The intervals are pairwise disjoint: for The union of the intervals is the entire real line: Indeed, if that is not the case to start with, a different set of intervals can be picked for which these assumptions hold.
Fonction de HeavisideEn mathématiques, la fonction de Heaviside (également fonction échelon unité, fonction marche d'escalier), du nom d’Oliver Heaviside, est la fonction indicatrice de . C'est donc la fonction H (discontinue en 0) prenant la valeur 1 pour tous les réels strictement positifs et la valeur 0 pour les réels strictement négatifs. En 0, sa valeur n'a généralement pas d'importance, même si souvent elle vaut 1/2. C'est une primitive de la distribution de Dirac en théorie des distributions.
Defective matrixIn linear algebra, a defective matrix is a square matrix that does not have a complete basis of eigenvectors, and is therefore not diagonalizable. In particular, an n × n matrix is defective if and only if it does not have n linearly independent eigenvectors. A complete basis is formed by augmenting the eigenvectors with generalized eigenvectors, which are necessary for solving defective systems of ordinary differential equations and other problems.
List of mathematical jargonThe language of mathematics has a vast vocabulary of specialist and technical terms. It also has a certain amount of jargon: commonly used phrases which are part of the culture of mathematics, rather than of the subject. Jargon often appears in lectures, and sometimes in print, as informal shorthand for rigorous arguments or precise ideas. Much of this is common English, but with a specific non-obvious meaning when used in a mathematical sense. Some phrases, like "in general", appear below in more than one section.
