Scaled correlationIn statistics, scaled correlation is a form of a coefficient of correlation applicable to data that have a temporal component such as time series. It is the average short-term correlation. If the signals have multiple components (slow and fast), scaled coefficient of correlation can be computed only for the fast components of the signals, ignoring the contributions of the slow components. This filtering-like operation has the advantages of not having to make assumptions about the sinusoidal nature of the signals.
Physique numériqueLa physique numérique (ou parfois physique informatique) est l'étude et l'implémentation d'algorithmes numériques dans le but de résoudre des problèmes physiques pour lesquels une théorie existe déjà. Elle est souvent considérée comme une sous-discipline de la physique théorique mais certains la considèrent comme une branche intermédiaire entre la physique théorique et la physique expérimentale. En général, les physiciens définissent un système et son évolution grâce à des formules mathématiques précises.
Action collective (sociologie)Une action collective est, en sociologie, un type d'action, collective, résultant d'une coordination non concertée par les agents des buts ou des formes de leurs actions individuelles. Les agents n’ont pas d’engagements les uns à l’égard des autres. La sociologie distingue deux types d'actions collectives : Lorsque la coordination est simplement induite par les circonstances, l’action collective est dite plurielle : les fins et moyens s’imposent ou sont suggérés. C'est le cas du « sauve qui peut » et des phénomènes de foule.
Conformational entropyIn chemical thermodynamics, conformational entropy is the entropy associated with the number of conformations of a molecule. The concept is most commonly applied to biological macromolecules such as proteins and RNA, but also be used for polysaccharides and other molecules. To calculate the conformational entropy, the possible conformations of the molecule may first be discretized into a finite number of states, usually characterized by unique combinations of certain structural parameters, each of which has been assigned an energy.
Coordonnée de réactionEn chimie, une coordonnée de réaction (ou coordonnée réactionnelle) est une coordonnée mono-dimensionnelle abstraite qui représente l'évolution d'un processus chimique le long d'un chemin de réaction. Cette coordonnée de réaction est usuellement un paramètre géométrique qui est modifié durant la conversion d'une ou plusieurs entités moléculaires ou autres objets chimiques. Ces coordonnées peuvent parfois représenter un système réel de coordonnées (comme la longueur de liaison chimique, l'angle de liaison chimique, etc.
Collective action problemA collective action problem or social dilemma is a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries, but was most clearly established in 1965 in Mancur Olson's The Logic of Collective Action. Problems arise when too many group members choose to pursue individual profit and immediate satisfaction rather than behave in the group's best long-term interests.
Residual entropyResidual entropy is the difference in entropy between a non-equilibrium state and crystal state of a substance close to absolute zero. This term is used in condensed matter physics to describe the entropy at zero kelvin of a glass or plastic crystal referred to the crystal state, whose entropy is zero according to the third law of thermodynamics. It occurs if a material can exist in many different states when cooled. The most common non-equilibrium state is vitreous state, glass.
Entropy (order and disorder)In thermodynamics, entropy is often associated with the amount of order or disorder in a thermodynamic system. This stems from Rudolf Clausius' 1862 assertion that any thermodynamic process always "admits to being reduced [reduction] to the alteration in some way or another of the arrangement of the constituent parts of the working body" and that internal work associated with these alterations is quantified energetically by a measure of "entropy" change, according to the following differential expression: where Q = motional energy (“heat”) that is transferred reversibly to the system from the surroundings and T = the absolute temperature at which the transfer occurs.
