ExergieEn thermodynamique, l’exergie est une grandeur physique permettant de mesurer la qualité d'une énergie. C'est la partie utilisable d'un joule. Le travail maximal récupérable est ainsi égal à l’opposé de la variation d’exergie au cours de la transformation. Un système à l'équilibre thermomécanique ou chimique n'a plus aucune valeur. Plus un système est loin de l'équilibre ambiant, plus il est apte à opérer un changement, aptitude sur laquelle repose l'utilité d'une énergie.
Photovoltaic systemA photovoltaic system, also PV system or solar power system, is an electric power system designed to supply usable solar power by means of photovoltaics. It consists of an arrangement of several components, including solar panels to absorb and convert sunlight into electricity, a solar inverter to convert the output from direct to alternating current, as well as mounting, cabling, and other electrical accessories to set up a working system. It may also use a solar tracking system to improve the system's overall performance and include an integrated battery.
Reverse osmosis plantA reverse osmosis plant is a manufacturing plant where the process of reverse osmosis takes place. Reverse osmosis is a common process to purify or desalinate contaminated water by forcing water through a membrane. Water produced by reverse osmosis may be used for a variety of purposes, including desalination, wastewater treatment, concentration of contaminants, and the reclamation of dissolved minerals. An average modern reverse osmosis plant needs six kilowatt-hours of electricity to desalinate one cubic metre of water.
Dessalementthumb|Usine de dessalement par osmose inverse à Barcelone en Espagne. Le dessalement de l'eau ou désalinisation est un processus qui permet d'obtenir de l'eau douce (potable ou, plus rarement en raison de son coût, utilisable pour l'irrigation) à partir d'une eau saumâtre ou salée (eau de mer notamment). Très généralement, il est plus simple et plus économique de rechercher des sources d'eau douce à traiter (eaux de surface, telles que lac et rivière, ou eau souterraine), que de dessaler l'eau de mer.
Stability of the Solar SystemThe stability of the Solar System is a subject of much inquiry in astronomy. Though the planets have been stable when historically observed, and will be in the short term, their weak gravitational effects on one another can add up in unpredictable ways. For this reason (among others), the Solar System is chaotic in the technical sense of mathematical chaos theory, and even the most precise long-term models for the orbital motion of the Solar System are not valid over more than a few tens of millions of years.
Kalina cycleThe Kalina cycle, developed by Alexander Kalina, is a thermodynamic process for converting thermal energy into usable mechanical power. It uses a solution of 2 fluids with different boiling points for its working fluid. Since the solution boils over a range of temperatures as in distillation, more of the heat can be extracted from the source than with a pure working fluid. The same applies on the exhaust (condensing) end. This provides efficiency comparable to a Combined cycle, with less complexity.
