Test driven developmentTest-Driven Development (TDD), ou développement piloté par les tests en français, est une méthode de développement de logiciel qui consiste à concevoir un logiciel par des itérations successives très courtes (ou petits pas), telles que chaque itération est accomplie en formulant un sous-problème à résoudre sous forme d'un test avant d'écrire le code source correspondant, et où le code est continuellement remanié dans une volonté de simplification. À l'origine, il s'agissait simplement d'écrire les tests avant de coder, et cette méthode s'appelait le Test-First Design.
G-testIn statistics, G-tests are likelihood-ratio or maximum likelihood statistical significance tests that are increasingly being used in situations where chi-squared tests were previously recommended. The general formula for G is where is the observed count in a cell, is the expected count under the null hypothesis, denotes the natural logarithm, and the sum is taken over all non-empty cells. Furthermore, the total observed count should be equal to the total expected count:where is the total number of observations.
Learning rateIn machine learning and statistics, the learning rate is a tuning parameter in an optimization algorithm that determines the step size at each iteration while moving toward a minimum of a loss function. Since it influences to what extent newly acquired information overrides old information, it metaphorically represents the speed at which a machine learning model "learns". In the adaptive control literature, the learning rate is commonly referred to as gain. In setting a learning rate, there is a trade-off between the rate of convergence and overshooting.
Quantities of informationThe mathematical theory of information is based on probability theory and statistics, and measures information with several quantities of information. The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used. The most common unit of information is the bit, or more correctly the shannon, based on the binary logarithm.
