Catalyst poisoningCatalyst poisoning is the partial or total deactivation of a catalyst by a chemical compound. Poisoning refers specifically to chemical deactivation, rather than other mechanisms of catalyst degradation such as thermal decomposition or physical damage. Although usually undesirable, poisoning may be helpful when it results in improved catalyst selectivity (e.g. Lindlar's catalyst). An important historic example was the poisoning of catalytic converters by leaded fuel.
Thermodynamic databases for pure substancesThermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent values for one mole of substance at the standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm), or 100 kPa (1 bar). Both of these definitions for the standard condition for pressure are in use.
SN1La substitution nucléophile monomoléculaire, plus couramment appelée SN1 est un mécanisme réactionnel en chimie organique. C'est un mécanisme limite, au sens où des réactions chimiques « naturelles » usant de ce type de mécanisme ne se font jamais entièrement selon ce mécanisme, mais à un certain pourcentage. Le mécanisme limite « opposé » est la SN2. Ces deux mécanismes sont utilisés pour décrire la réaction : R-GP + Nu− = R-Nu +GP− où GP est le groupe partant (aussi appelé nucléofuge), Nu est le nucléophile, et R un radical alkyle ou aryle.
Process functionIn thermodynamics, a quantity that is well defined so as to describe the path of a process through the equilibrium state space of a thermodynamic system is termed a process function, or, alternatively, a process quantity, or a path function. As an example, mechanical work and heat are process functions because they describe quantitatively the transition between equilibrium states of a thermodynamic system. Path functions depend on the path taken to reach one state from another. Different routes give different quantities.
Aqua (informatique)Aqua est le nom donné par Apple à l'interface graphique de son système d'exploitation Mac OS X. Aqua se caractérise principalement par l'utilisation de la transparence des fenêtres et des menus, l'anticrénelage du texte et des images, la réaction aux actions de l'utilisateur par des animations ainsi que des boutons « gélules » en forme de bulle. Ces boutons n'étant plus au goût du jour, ils ont été remplacés par des boutons flat design depuis OS X 10.10. Mac OS X 10.0 « Cheetah » Mac OS X 10.1 « Puma » Mac OS X 10.
Technology adoption life cycleThe technology adoption lifecycle is a sociological model that describes the adoption or acceptance of a new product or innovation, according to the demographic and psychological characteristics of defined adopter groups. The process of adoption over time is typically illustrated as a classical normal distribution or "bell curve". The model indicates that the first group of people to use a new product is called "innovators", followed by "early adopters".
