Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Stress–strain curveIn engineering and materials science, a stress–strain curve for a material gives the relationship between stress and strain. It is obtained by gradually applying load to a test coupon and measuring the deformation, from which the stress and strain can be determined (see tensile testing). These curves reveal many of the properties of a material, such as the Young's modulus, the yield strength and the ultimate tensile strength. Generally speaking, curves representing the relationship between stress and strain in any form of deformation can be regarded as stress–strain curves.
ClinkerLe clinker est un constituant du ciment, qui résulte de la cuisson à très haute température d'un mélange composé d'environ 80 % de calcaire (CaCO3 qui apporte l'oxyde de calcium, CaO) et de 20 % d'aluminosilicates (essentiellement des argiles : phyllosilicates) qui apportent les oxydes de silicium (SiO2), d'aluminium () et de fer (FeO et ). La « farine » ou le « cru » est formé du mélange de poudre de calcaire et d'argile. La cuisson, ou clinkérisation, se fait à une température d'environ , ce qui explique la forte consommation énergétique de ce processus.
Impulse excitation techniqueThe impulse excitation technique (IET) is a non-destructive material characterization technique to determine the elastic properties and internal friction of a material of interest. It measures the resonant frequencies in order to calculate the Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio and internal friction of predefined shapes like rectangular bars, cylindrical rods and disc shaped samples. The measurements can be performed at room temperature or at elevated temperatures (up to 1700 °C) under different atmospheres.
Ciment Portlandthumb|right|280px|Sacs de ciment Portland. Les ciments Portland sont des liants hydrauliques composés principalement de silicates de calcium hydrauliques qui font prise et durcissent en vertu d'une réaction chimique à l'eau appelée hydratation. Lorsqu'on ajoute la pâte (ciment, air et eau) aux granulats (sable et gravier, pierre concassée ou autre matériau granulaire), elle agit comme une colle et lie ensemble les granulats pour former une masse semblable à de la pierre, le béton, le matériau artificiel le plus polyvalent et le plus répandu qui existe.
Cimentvignette|Du ciment, fourni en sac, prêt à être mélangé avec de l’eau et des granulats. Le ciment est un liant hydraulique (qui durcit sous l'action de l'eau), utilisé dans la préparation du béton, et aujourd'hui le plus souvent employé dans la confection des dallages, des parpaings, des enduits et des mortiers. Le principe est de chauffer à très haute température du calcaire et de l'argile pour former des nodules de silicates de calcium, le clinker. Ceux-ci sont ensuite broyés finement.
Coup du lapinLe coup du lapin est un traumatisme du rachis cervical, qui peut être dû au mouvement de la tête ou à un coup porté. Ce terme vient d’une pratique qui consistait à tuer le lapin par un coup direct derrière la nuque qui produit un traumatisme en hyperextension avec une fracture ou une luxation haute du rachis cervical entraînant des troubles neurologiques et la mort par lésion du bulbe rachidien. Il s'agit dans ce cas d'un traumatisme indirect du rachis cervical en flexion-extension, en général lors d'un accident dans un véhicule brutalement arrêté.
FiberFiber or fibre (British English; from fibra) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate fibers, for example carbon fiber and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene. Synthetic fibers can often be produced very cheaply and in large amounts compared to natural fibers, but for clothing natural fibers can give some benefits, such as comfort, over their synthetic counterparts.
Environmental issuesEnvironmental issues are disruptions in the usual function of ecosystems. Further, these issues can be caused by humans (human impact on the environment) or they can be natural. These issues are considered serious when the ecosystem cannot recover in the present situation, and catastrophic if the ecosystem is projected to certainly collapse. Environmental protection is the practice of protecting the natural environment on the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both the environment and humans.
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
