Reaction rateThe reaction rate or rate of reaction is the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time. Reaction rates can vary dramatically. For example, the oxidative rusting of iron under Earth's atmosphere is a slow reaction that can take many years, but the combustion of cellulose in a fire is a reaction that takes place in fractions of a second.
Renewable fuelsRenewable Fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources. Examples include: biofuels (e.g. Vegetable oil used as fuel, ethanol, methanol from clean energy and carbon dioxide or biomass, and biodiesel), Hydrogen fuel (when produced with renewable processes), and fully synthetic fuel (also known as electrofuel) produced from ambient carbon dioxide and water. This is in contrast to non-renewable fuels such as natural gas, LPG (propane), petroleum and other fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Combustible solideSolid fuel refers to various forms of solid material that can be burnt to release energy, providing heat and light through the process of combustion. Solid fuels can be contrasted with liquid fuels and gaseous fuels. Common examples of solid fuels include wood, charcoal, peat, coal, hexamine fuel tablets, dry dung, wood pellets, corn, wheat, rye, and other grains. Solid fuels are extensively used in rocketry as solid propellants. Solid fuels have been used throughout human history to create fire and solid fuel is still in widespread use throughout the world in the present day.
PolysaccharideLes polysaccharides (parfois appelés glycanes, polyosides, polyholosides ou glucides complexes) sont des polymères de la famille des glucides constitués de plusieurs oses liés entre eux par des liaisons osidiques. Les polyosides les plus répandus et connus dans le règne végétal sont la cellulose et l’amidon, tous deux polymères du glucose.
GazéificationLa gazéification est un processus à la frontière entre la pyrolyse et la combustion. Celui-ci permet de convertir des matières carbonées ou organiques en un gaz de synthèse combustible (souvent appelé « syngas » ou « syngaz »), composé majoritairement de monoxyde de carbone (CO) et de dihydrogène (H2), contrairement à la combustion dont les produits majoritaires sont le dioxyde de carbone () et l'eau (H2O).
Renewable energy commercializationRenewable energy commercialization involves the deployment of three generations of renewable energy technologies dating back more than 100 years. First-generation technologies, which are already mature and economically competitive, include biomass, hydroelectricity, geothermal power and heat. Second-generation technologies are market-ready and are being deployed at the present time; they include solar heating, photovoltaics, wind power, solar thermal power stations, and modern forms of bioenergy.
CelluloseLa cellulose est un glucide constitué d'une chaîne linéaire de molécules de D-glucose (entre 15 et ). Ce biopolymère est le principal constituant de la paroi des cellules végétales, y compris du bois (lequel est caractérisé par ailleurs par une forte teneur en lignine). La cellulose constitue 35 à 50 % de la biomasse végétale terrestre devant l'hémicellulose (30 à 45 %) et la lignine (15 à 25 %), formant ainsi la première famille de composés par ordre d’abondance dans les plantes et dans les écosystèmes terrestres où domine la biomasse végétale morte ou vive.
BioenergyBioenergy is energy made or generated from biomass, which consists of recently living (but now dead) organisms, mainly plants. Types of biomass commonly used for bioenergy include wood, food crops such as corn, energy crops and waste from forests, yards, or farms. The IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) defines bioenergy as a renewable form of energy. Bioenergy can either mitigate (i.e. reduce) or increase greenhouse gas emissions. There is also agreement that local environmental impacts can be problematic.
FurfuralLe furfural est un composé organique industriel qui est le dérivé de divers produits secondaires agricoles comme le maïs, le son d'avoine et de blé, et la sciure. Le nom furfural vient du mot latin furfur, qui signifie son, par référence à la source la plus courante. Le furfural est un aldéhyde hétérocyclique, avec la structure cyclique (furane) indiquée à droite. Sa formule brute est . À l'état pur, c'est un liquide huileux incolore à l'odeur d'amande, mais il jaunit rapidement au contact de l'air.
Biofuel in SwedenBiofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
