Alpha motor neuronAlpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles. While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
Potentialisation à long termevignette|300x300px|La potentialisation à Long terme (PLT) est une augmentation persistante de la force synaptique après stimulation à haute fréquence d'une synapse chimique. Des études de la PLT sont souvent réalisées dans des parties de l'hippocampe, un organe important pour l'apprentissage et la mémoire. Dans ces études, les enregistrements électriques sont obtenus à partir de cellules et tracés dans un graphique comme celui-ci. Ce graphique compare la réponse à des stimuli au niveau des synapses qui ont subi PLT contre les synapses qui n'ont pas subi la PLT.
Homeostatic plasticityIn neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory.
Plaque motriceLa plaque motrice est une zone spécialisée de la membrane des cellules musculaires squelettiques comprenant des récepteurs cholinergiques. Elle fait partie de la jonction neuromusculaire et permet la réception de l’acétylcholine, neurotransmetteur libéré par le motoneurone dans la fente synaptique. À l'entrée d'un muscle, le motoneurone se ramifie et forme une terminaison axonale accolée à la fibre musculaire qu'il innerve. La terminaison axonale et la plaque motrice constituent ensemble la jonction neuromusculaire.
Mushroom bodiesThe mushroom bodies or corpora pedunculata are a pair of structures in the brain of arthropods, including insects and crustaceans, and some annelids (notably the ragworm Platynereis dumerilii). They are known to play a role in olfactory learning and memory. In most insects, the mushroom bodies and the lateral horn are the two higher brain regions that receive olfactory information from the antennal lobe via projection neurons. They were first identified and described by French biologist Félix Dujardin in 1850.
AC motorAn AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.
NeuroanatomieLa neuroanatomie est la branche de l'anatomie consacrée à la description du système nerveux central (encéphale et moelle épinière) et périphérique (racines, plexus, nerfs rachidiens et nerfs crâniens). Une difficulté particulière à la description anatomique du système nerveux est l'absence de lien apparent entre structures macroscopiques (notamment de l'organe principal qu'est le cerveau) et fonctions, celles-ci étant assurées par un tissu constitutif relativement homogène fait de cellules, neurones et cellules gliales, fortement connectées les unes aux autres.
Motor skillA motor skill is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task. These tasks could include walking, running, or riding a bike. In order to perform this skill, the body's nervous system, muscles, and brain have to all work together. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ability to perform the skill at the rate of success, precision, and to reduce the energy consumption required for performance. Performance is an act of executing a motor skill or task.
AmphétamineL’amphétamine (DCI) est une substance sympathicomimétique aux effets anorexigènes et psychoanaleptiques. L'amphétamine est utilisée chez les enfants et adultes dans le traitement du TDAH, de la narcolepsie, de l'obésité, et des troubles de l'hyperphagie boulemique, mais son usage non médical est criminalisé dans la plupart des pays du monde. Ses usages non médicaux incluent l'amélioration de la performance sportive, et l'usage récréatif comme euphorisant et aphrodisiaque.
Induction motorAn induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motor can therefore be made without electrical connections to the rotor. An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type. Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are self-starting, reliable, and economical.
