Bio-inspired roboticsBio-inspired robotic locomotion is a fairly new subcategory of bio-inspired design. It is about learning concepts from nature and applying them to the design of real-world engineered systems. More specifically, this field is about making robots that are inspired by biological systems, including Biomimicry. Biomimicry is copying from nature while bio-inspired design is learning from nature and making a mechanism that is simpler and more effective than the system observed in nature.
Legged robotLegged robots are a type of mobile robot which use articulated limbs, such as leg mechanisms, to provide locomotion. They are more versatile than wheeled robots and can traverse many different terrains, though these advantages require increased complexity and power consumption. Legged robots often imitate legged animals, such as humans or insects, in an example of biomimicry. Legged robots, or walking machines, are designed for locomotion on rough terrain and require control of leg actuators to maintain balance, sensors to determine foot placement and planning algorithms to determine the direction and speed of movement.
Linear actuatorA linear actuator is an actuator that creates motion in a straight line, in contrast to the circular motion of a conventional electric motor. Linear actuators are used in machine tools and industrial machinery, in computer peripherals such as disk drives and printers, in valves and dampers, and in many other places where linear motion is required. Hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders inherently produce linear motion. Many other mechanisms are used to generate linear motion from a rotating motor.
Robot navigationRobot localization denotes the robot's ability to establish its own position and orientation within the frame of reference. Path planning is effectively an extension of localisation, in that it requires the determination of the robot's current position and a position of a goal location, both within the same frame of reference or coordinates. Map building can be in the shape of a metric map or any notation describing locations in the robot frame of reference. For any mobile device, the ability to navigate in its environment is important.
Humanoid robotA humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes. In general, humanoid robots have a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs, though some humanoid robots may replicate only part of the body, for example, from the waist up. Some humanoid robots also have heads designed to replicate human facial features such as eyes and mouths.
Automate programmable industrielvignette|Deux automates programmables industriels & leurs périphériques, montés en volant, pour test et analyse. Un automate programmable industriel, ou API (en anglais programmable logic controller, PLC), est un dispositif électronique numérique programmable destiné à la commande de processus industriels par un traitement séquentiel. Il envoie des ordres vers les préactionneurs (partie opérative ou PO côté actionneur) à partir de données d’entrées (capteurs) (partie commande ou PC côté capteur), de consignes et d’un programme informatique.
Matériau intelligentUn matériau dit « intelligent » est un matériau conçu pour être sensible, adaptatif et évolutif. Il s'agit généralement de matériaux polymères et/ou composite, éventuellement piézo-électriques, magnétostrictifs ou à mémoire de forme qui possède une ou plusieurs propriétés les rendant adaptatifs et/ou évolutifs, et pouvant être considérablement modifiées de manière contrôlée par des stimuli externes, tels que le stress, la température, le mouvement (mécanique), l'humidité, le pH, le champ électrique ou magnétique.
NitinolLe nickel-titane, connu aussi sous le nom de Nitinol est un alliage de nickel et de titane, dans lequel ces deux éléments sont approximativement présents dans les mêmes pourcentages. Cet alliage possède deux propriétés bien spécifiques : la mémoire de forme et une super-élasticité (connue également sous le nom de pseudo-élasticité). La mémoire de forme correspond à la capacité du nitinol à retrouver sa forme originale après avoir enduré une déformation, ainsi que celle d’alterner entre deux formes autour d’une température de transformation critique.
Self-reconfiguring modular robotModular self-reconfiguring robotic systems or self-reconfigurable modular robots are autonomous kinematic machines with variable morphology. Beyond conventional actuation, sensing and control typically found in fixed-morphology robots, self-reconfiguring robots are also able to deliberately change their own shape by rearranging the connectivity of their parts, in order to adapt to new circumstances, perform new tasks, or recover from damage.
Prototypevignette|Photographie d'un prototype BMW : la BMW Nazca C2 Dans le domaine de l'industrie et plus généralement de la recherche et développement (R&D), un prototype est selon la définition de l'OCDE , mais il s'agit aussi parfois d'un exemplaire incomplet (et non définitif) de ce que pourra être un produit (éventuellement de type logiciel, ou de type « service »Djellal, F., Gallouj, C., Gallouj, F., Francoz, D., & Jacquin, Y. (2001).
