Convergence (géologie)A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide. One plate eventually slides beneath the other, a process known as subduction. The subduction zone can be defined by a plane where many earthquakes occur, called the Wadati–Benioff zone. These collisions happen on scales of millions to tens of millions of years and can lead to volcanism, earthquakes, orogenesis, destruction of lithosphere, and deformation.
Numerical methods for ordinary differential equationsNumerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Their use is also known as "numerical integration", although this term can also refer to the computation of integrals. Many differential equations cannot be solved exactly. For practical purposes, however – such as in engineering – a numeric approximation to the solution is often sufficient. The algorithms studied here can be used to compute such an approximation.
Dynamique moléculaireLa dynamique moléculaire est une technique de simulation numérique permettant de modéliser l'évolution d'un système de particules au cours du temps. Elle est particulièrement utilisée en sciences des matériaux et pour l'étude des molécules organiques, des protéines, de la matière molle et des macromolécules. En pratique, la dynamique moléculaire consiste à simuler le mouvement d'un ensemble de quelques dizaines à quelques milliers de particules dans un certain environnement (température, pression, champ électromagnétique, conditions aux limites.
3D scanning3D scanner is the process of analyzing a real-world object or environment to collect three dimensional data of its shape and possibly its appearance (e.g. color). The collected data can then be used to construct digital 3D models. A 3D scanner can be based on many different technologies, each with its own limitations, advantages and costs. Many limitations in the kind of objects that can be digitised are still present. For example, optical technology may encounter many difficulties with dark, shiny, reflective or transparent objects.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Cross slipIn materials science, cross slip is the process by which a screw dislocation moves from one slip plane to another due to local stresses. It allows non-planar movement of screw dislocations. Non-planar movement of edge dislocations is achieved through climb. Since the Burgers vector of a perfect screw dislocation is parallel to the dislocation line, it has an infinite number of possible slip planes (planes containing the dislocation line and the Burgers vector), unlike an edge or mixed dislocation, which has a unique slip plane.
Résolution de problèmevignette|Résolution d'un problème mathématique. La résolution de problème est le processus d'identification puis de mise en œuvre d'une solution à un problème. Analyse de cause racine (ACR, Root cause analysis) : cette démarche part du constat qu'il est plus judicieux de traiter les causes d'un problème que d'en traiter les symptômes immédiats. Puisqu'analyser les causes d'un problème permet d'en déterminer une solution définitive, et donc, empêcher qu'il ne se reproduise de nouveau.
Divergent boundaryIn plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other. Divergent boundaries within continents initially produce rifts, which eventually become rift valleys. Most active divergent plate boundaries occur between oceanic plates and exist as mid-oceanic ridges.
Wicked problemIn planning and policy, a wicked problem is a problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize. It refers to an idea or problem that cannot be fixed, where there is no single solution to the problem; and "wicked" denotes resistance to resolution, rather than evil. Another definition is "a problem whose social complexity means that it has no determinable stopping point".
Densité surfacique d'énergieLa densité surfacique d'énergie ou énergie surfacique, voire densité énergétique (quand le contexte surfacique est clair), est la quantité d’énergie par une unité de surface. Dans le Système international elle se mesure en J/m (joules par mètre carré). Dans un contexte industriel on l'exprime souvent en kWh/m (kilowatts-heures par mètre carré). Cette grandeur physique est principalement utilisée dans l'étude physique des interfaces entre liquides non miscibles, ou entre liquide et gaz, où elle caractérise l'énergie nécessaire à former une interface d'une certaine surface.
