QCD matterQuark matter or QCD matter (quantum chromodynamic) refers to any of a number of hypothetical phases of matter whose degrees of freedom include quarks and gluons, of which the prominent example is quark-gluon plasma. Several series of conferences in 2019, 2020, and 2021 were devoted to this topic. Quarks are liberated into quark matter at extremely high temperatures and/or densities, and some of them are still only theoretical as they require conditions so extreme that they cannot be produced in any laboratory, especially not at equilibrium conditions.
Sous-groupeUn sous-groupe est un objet mathématique décrit par la théorie des groupes. Dans cet article, (G, ∗) désigne un groupe d'élément neutre e. Dans la pratique, on note la loi interne du sous-groupe avec le même symbole que celui de la loi interne du groupe, c'est-à-dire ∗. Si G est un groupe alors {e} (le groupe réduit à l'élément neutre) et G sont toujours des sous-groupes de G. Ce sont les sous-groupes triviaux de G. On les appelle également les sous-groupes impropres de G.
Indice d'un sous-groupeEn mathématiques, et plus précisément en théorie des groupes, si H est un sous-groupe d'un groupe G, l'indice du sous-groupe H dans G est le nombre de copies distinctes de H que l'on obtient en multipliant à gauche par un élément de G, soit le nombre des xH quand x parcourt G (on peut choisir en fait indifféremment de multiplier à gauche ou à droite). Les classes xH formant une partition, et la multiplication à gauche dans un groupe par un élément donné étant bijective, le produit de l'indice du sous-groupe H dans G par l'ordre de H égale l'ordre de G, ce dont on déduit, pour un groupe fini, le théorème de Lagrange.
Lagrangian systemIn mathematics, a Lagrangian system is a pair (Y, L), consisting of a smooth fiber bundle Y → X and a Lagrangian density L, which yields the Euler–Lagrange differential operator acting on sections of Y → X. In classical mechanics, many dynamical systems are Lagrangian systems. The configuration space of such a Lagrangian system is a fiber bundle Q → R over the time axis R. In particular, Q = R × M if a reference frame is fixed. In classical field theory, all field systems are the Lagrangian ones.
Liouville's theorem (conformal mappings)In mathematics, Liouville's theorem, proved by Joseph Liouville in 1850, is a rigidity theorem about conformal mappings in Euclidean space. It states that any smooth conformal mapping on a domain of Rn, where n > 2, can be expressed as a composition of translations, similarities, orthogonal transformations and inversions: they are Möbius transformations (in n dimensions). This theorem severely limits the variety of possible conformal mappings in R3 and higher-dimensional spaces.
Focal subgroup theoremIn abstract algebra, the focal subgroup theorem describes the fusion of elements in a Sylow subgroup of a finite group. The focal subgroup theorem was introduced in and is the "first major application of the transfer" according to . The focal subgroup theorem relates the ideas of transfer and fusion such as described in . Various applications of these ideas include local criteria for p-nilpotence and various non-simplicity criteria focussing on showing that a finite group has a normal subgroup of index p.
Causal dynamical triangulationCausal dynamical triangulation (abbreviated as CDT), theorized by Renate Loll, Jan Ambjørn and Jerzy Jurkiewicz, is an approach to quantum gravity that, like loop quantum gravity, is background independent. This means that it does not assume any pre-existing arena (dimensional space) but, rather, attempts to show how the spacetime fabric itself evolves. There is evidence that, at large scales, CDT approximates the familiar 4-dimensional spacetime but shows spacetime to be 2-dimensional near the Planck scale, and reveals a fractal structure on slices of constant time.
DilatonEn physique théorique, le dilaton désignait à l'origine un champ scalaire théorique (comme le photon réfère à un champ électromagnétique). Le dilaton apparaît dans la théorie de Kaluza-Klein et obéit à une équation ondulaire non homogène, généralisant l'équation de Klein-Gordon, avec un champ électromagnétique très fort comme source : De plus, dans la théorie des cordes, le dilaton est une particule d'un champ scalaire qui peut être vu comme la trace du graviton ; un champ scalaire (suivant l'équation Klein-Gordon) qui vient toujours avec la gravité.
Gravitational time dilationGravitational time dilation is a form of time dilation, an actual difference of elapsed time between two events as measured by observers situated at varying distances from a gravitating mass. The lower the gravitational potential (the closer the clock is to the source of gravitation), the slower time passes, speeding up as the gravitational potential increases (the clock getting away from the source of gravitation). Albert Einstein originally predicted this effect in his theory of relativity and it has since been confirmed by tests of general relativity.
Current algebraCertain commutation relations among the current density operators in quantum field theories define an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra called a current algebra. Mathematically these are Lie algebras consisting of smooth maps from a manifold into a finite dimensional Lie algebra. The original current algebra, proposed in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann, described weak and electromagnetic currents of the strongly interacting particles, hadrons, leading to the Adler–Weisberger formula and other important physical results.
