Packaging and labelingPackaging is the science, art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of designing, evaluating, and producing packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells. In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use.
Active packagingThe terms active packaging, intelligent packaging, and smart packaging refer to amplified packaging systems used with foods, pharmaceuticals, and several other types of products. They help extend shelf life, monitor freshness, display information on quality, improve safety, and improve convenience. The terms are often related and can overlap. Active packaging usually means having active functions beyond the inert passive containment and protection of the product.
CarraghénaneLes carraghénanes (ou carraghénines) sont des polysaccharides soufrés (galactanes sulfatés) extraits d'algues rouges, servant d'agents d'épaississement et de stabilisation dans l'industrie alimentaire. Ils portent collectivement le code de la classification des additifs alimentaires. Les carraghénanes permettent de former des gels à chaud (jusqu'à ) et présentent donc un intérêt par rapport aux gélatines animales traditionnelles. Des scientifiques ont été amenés à se poser de sérieuses questions sur la toxicité de cet additif dans l'alimentation.
Food packagingFood packaging is a packaging system specifically designed for food and represents one of the most important aspects among the processes involved in the food industry, as it provides protection from chemical, biological and physical alterations. The main goal of food packaging is to provide a practical means of protecting and delivering food goods at a reasonable cost while meeting the needs and expectations of both consumers and industries.
Package testingPackage testing or packaging testing involves the measurement of a characteristic or property involved with packaging. This includes packaging materials, packaging components, primary packages, shipping containers, and unit loads, as well as the associated processes. Testing measures the effects and interactions of the levels of packaging, the package contents, external forces, and end-use. It can involve controlled laboratory experiments, subjective evaluations by people, or field testing.
Packaging engineeringPackaging engineering, also package engineering, packaging technology and packaging science, is a broad topic ranging from design conceptualization to product placement. All steps along the manufacturing process, and more, must be taken into account in the design of the package for any given product. Package engineering is an interdisciplinary field integrating science, engineering, technology and management to protect and identify products for distribution, storage, sale, and use.
Catégorie additiveLes catégories additives jouent un rôle essentiel en théorie des catégories. De très nombreuses catégories rencontrées en pratique sont en effet additives. Toute catégorie abélienne (telle que la catégorie des groupes abéliens, ou celle des modules à gauche sur un anneau, ou encore celle des faisceaux de modules sur un espace localement annelé) est additive. Néanmoins, dès qu'on munit d'une topologie des objets appartenant à une catégorie abélienne, et qu'on exige des morphismes qu'ils soient des applications continues, on obtient une catégorie qui n'est généralement plus abélienne, mais qui est souvent additive.
Gomme gellaneLa gomme gellane () est un polyoside extracellulaire d'origine microbienne. C’est un gélifiant utilisé en agroalimentaire. La gomme gellane est produite par la bactérie Sphingomonas elodea (ex Pseudomonas elodea), qui se développe naturellement sur des plantes aquatiques appelées élodées. La gomme gellane est un hétéropolyoside linéaire anionique basé sur des unités d'oligoside composé de 4 oses (tétra-oside). Le D-glucose, le L-rhamnose et l'acide D-glucuronique en proportions 2:1:1 sont présents dans la gomme gellane sous forme d'éléments monomères.
Package handlePackage handles, or carriers, are used to help people use packaging. They are designed to simplify and to improve the ergonomics of lifting and carrying packages. Handles on consumer packages add convenience and help facilitate use and pouring. The effect of handles on package material costs and the packaging line efficiencies are also critical. A handle can be defined as “an accessory attached to a container or part for the purpose of holding or carrying.” Sometimes a handle can be used to hang a package for dispensing or use.
Preadditive categoryIn mathematics, specifically in , a preadditive category is another name for an Ab-category, i.e., a that is over the , Ab. That is, an Ab-category C is a such that every hom-set Hom(A,B) in C has the structure of an abelian group, and composition of morphisms is bilinear, in the sense that composition of morphisms distributes over the group operation. In formulas: and where + is the group operation. Some authors have used the term additive category for preadditive categories, but here we follow the current trend of reserving this term for certain special preadditive categories (see below).
