Point stationnaire350px|thumb|right|Les points stationnaires de la fonction sont marquées par des ronds rouges. Dans ce cas, ce sont des extrema locaux. Les carrés bleus désignent les points d'inflexion. En analyse réelle, un point stationnaire ou point critique d'une fonction dérivable d'une variable réelle est un point de son graphe où sa dérivée s'annule. Visuellement, cela se traduit par un point où la fonction arrête de croître ou de décroître. Pour une fonction de plusieurs variables réelles, un point stationnaire (critique) est un point où le gradient s'annule.
Traitement analogique du signalLe traitement analogique du signal est un type de traitement du signal effectué sur des signaux analogiques continus par un processus analogique, par opposition au traitement numérique du signal discret où le traitement du signal est effectué par un processus numérique. Le terme analogique indique qu'on représente mathématiquement le signal comme une série de valeurs continues, contrairement au terme numérique, qui indique plutôt qu'on représente le signal par une série de valeurs discrètes.
Fonction exponentielle doubleUne fonction exponentielle double est une fonction exponentielle dont l’exposant est lui-même une fonction exponentielle. La forme générale est : Cette fonction croît plus vite qu’une exponentielle simple. Par exemple, pour a = b = 10 : f(−1) ≈ ; f(0) = 10 ; f(1) = 1010 ; f(2) = 10100 = googol ; f(3) = 101000 ; f(100) = 1010100 = googolplex. Les factorielles croissent plus vite que les exponentielles, mais beaucoup plus lentement que les exponentielles doubles. La fonction hyper-exponentielle et la fonction d'Ackermann croissent encore plus vite.
Adaptive systemAn adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as ecosystems and individual organisms; or in the human world, communities, organizations, and families.
Linear predictionLinear prediction is a mathematical operation where future values of a discrete-time signal are estimated as a linear function of previous samples. In digital signal processing, linear prediction is often called linear predictive coding (LPC) and can thus be viewed as a subset of filter theory. In system analysis, a subfield of mathematics, linear prediction can be viewed as a part of mathematical modelling or optimization. The most common representation is where is the predicted signal value, the previous observed values, with , and the predictor coefficients.
Market distortionIn neoclassical economics, a market distortion is any event in which a market reaches a market clearing price for an item that is substantially different from the price that a market would achieve while operating under conditions of perfect competition and state enforcement of legal contracts and the ownership of private property. A distortion is "any departure from the ideal of perfect competition that therefore interferes with economic agents maximizing social welfare when they maximize their own".
The Art of Computer ProgrammingThe Art of Computer Programming (TAOCP) est une série de livres en plusieurs volumes sur la programmation informatique, écrits par Donald Knuth : Volume 1, Fundamental Algorithms (troisième édition 1997) ; Volume 2, Seminumerical Algorithms (troisième édition 1997) ; Volume 3, Sorting and Searching (seconde édition, 1998) ; Volume 4A, Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 1 (2011) ; Volume 4B, Combinatorial Algorithms, Part 2 (2022). En 2022, sur les sept volumes initialement prévus, seuls l’entièreté des trois premiers volumes et les deux premiers tomes du quatrième volume ont été publiés.
Stationary incrementsIn probability theory, a stochastic process is said to have stationary increments if its change only depends on the time span of observation, but not on the time when the observation was started. Many large families of stochastic processes have stationary increments either by definition (e.g. Lévy processes) or by construction (e.g. random walks) A stochastic process has stationary increments if for all and , the distribution of the random variables depends only on and not on .
Overdetermined systemIn mathematics, a system of equations is considered overdetermined if there are more equations than unknowns. An overdetermined system is almost always inconsistent (it has no solution) when constructed with random coefficients. However, an overdetermined system will have solutions in some cases, for example if some equation occurs several times in the system, or if some equations are linear combinations of the others. The terminology can be described in terms of the concept of constraint counting.
Frequency compensationIn electronics engineering, frequency compensation is a technique used in amplifiers, and especially in amplifiers employing negative feedback. It usually has two primary goals: To avoid the unintentional creation of positive feedback, which will cause the amplifier to oscillate, and to control overshoot and ringing in the amplifier's step response. It is also used extensively to improve the bandwidth of single pole systems.
