Differential (mathematics)In mathematics, differential refers to several related notions derived from the early days of calculus, put on a rigorous footing, such as infinitesimal differences and the derivatives of functions. The term is used in various branches of mathematics such as calculus, differential geometry, algebraic geometry and algebraic topology. The term differential is used nonrigorously in calculus to refer to an infinitesimal ("infinitely small") change in some varying quantity.
Point critique (mathématiques)En analyse à plusieurs variables, un point critique d'une fonction de plusieurs variables, à valeurs numériques, est un point d'annulation de son gradient, c'est-à-dire un point tel que . La valeur prise par la fonction en un point critique s'appelle alors une valeur critique. Les valeurs qui ne sont pas critiques sont appelées valeurs régulières. Les points critiques servent d'intermédiaire pour la recherche des extrémums d'une telle fonction.
Vertex (computer graphics)A vertex (plural vertices) in computer graphics is a data structure that describes certain attributes, like the position of a point in 2D or 3D space, or multiple points on a surface. 3D models are most often represented as triangulated polyhedra forming a triangle mesh. Non-triangular surfaces can be converted to an array of triangles through tessellation. Attributes from the vertices are typically interpolated across mesh surfaces. The vertices of triangles are associated not only with spatial position but also with other values used to render the object correctly.
Contre-illuminationvignette|Principe de l'éclairage Yehudi. La contre-illumination est une forme de camouflage actif utilisée par des animaux (mollusques céphalopodes, qui émettent une lumière ventrale par bioluminescence) et des prototypes militaires (camouflage via un éclairage diffus, éclairage Yehudi) qui leur permettent de se confondre avec leurs arrière-plans, à la fois en termes de luminosité et de longueur d'onde. Elle se distingue de l'ombre inversée, camouflage passif. Liste des méthodes de camouflage Camouflage Da
Camouflage via un éclairage diffusDiffused lighting camouflage was a form of active camouflage using counter-illumination to enable a ship to match its background, the night sky, that was tested by the Royal Canadian Navy on corvettes during World War II. The principle was discovered by a Canadian professor, Edmund Godfrey Burr, in 1940. It attracted interest because it could help to hide ships from submarines in the Battle of the Atlantic, and the research project began early in 1941. The Royal Navy and the US Navy carried out further equipment development and trials between 1941 and 1943.
Éclairage Yehudivignette|Principe de l'éclairage Yehudi. L'éclairage Yehudi est une technique de camouflage militaire développée par la Marine américaine dans les années 1940. Il consiste en une série de lampes placées sur le côté inférieur ou le bord d'attaque de l'aile d'un avion afin d'augmenter la luminosité de l'appareil pour qu'elle corresponde à celle du ciel. De cette manière, l'aéronef n'apparait plus comme un objet sombre dans un ciel et est donc plus difficile à repérer.
Occlusion dentaireL'occlusion dentaire (latin : occludere = enfermer ; claudere = fermer) est la manière dont les dents mandibulaires (mâchoire du bas) s’engrènent avec les dents maxillaires (mâchoire du haut). L'occlusion dentaire est impliquée dans les fonctions de mastication, de déglutition, de phonation ainsi que dans l'équilibre postural. Une occlusion dentaire équilibrée permet une . L'équilibre occlusal peut-être perturbé par des interférences dentaires, des dents en sur-occlusion ou en sous-occlusion.
Geometric modeling kernelA geometric modeling kernel is a solid modeling software component used in computer-aided design (CAD) packages. Available modelling kernels include: ACIS is developed and licensed by Spatial Corporation of Dassault Systèmes. SMLib is developed by Solid Modeling Solutions. Convergence Geometric Modeler is developed by Dassault Systèmes. Parasolid is developed and licensed by Siemens. Romulus was a predecessor to Parasolid. ShapeManager is developed by Autodesk and was forked from ACIS in 2001.
Algebraic geometry and analytic geometryIn mathematics, algebraic geometry and analytic geometry are two closely related subjects. While algebraic geometry studies algebraic varieties, analytic geometry deals with complex manifolds and the more general analytic spaces defined locally by the vanishing of analytic functions of several complex variables. The deep relation between these subjects has numerous applications in which algebraic techniques are applied to analytic spaces and analytic techniques to algebraic varieties.
Bundle adjustmentIn photogrammetry and computer stereo vision, bundle adjustment is simultaneous refining of the 3D coordinates describing the scene geometry, the parameters of the relative motion, and the optical characteristics of the camera(s) employed to acquire the images, given a set of images depicting a number of 3D points from different viewpoints. Its name refers to the geometrical bundles of light rays originating from each 3D feature and converging on each camera's optical center, which are adjusted optimally according to an optimality criterion involving the corresponding image projections of all points.
