Universal setIn set theory, a universal set is a set which contains all objects, including itself. In set theory as usually formulated, it can be proven in multiple ways that a universal set does not exist. However, some non-standard variants of set theory include a universal set. Many set theories do not allow for the existence of a universal set. There are several different arguments for its non-existence, based on different choices of axioms for set theory. In Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the axiom of regularity and axiom of pairing prevent any set from containing itself.
Théorie des ensembles approximatifsThéorie des ensembles approximatifs – est un formalisme mathématique proposé en 1982 par le professeur Zdzisław Pawlak. Elle généralise la théorie des ensembles classique. Un ensemble approximatif (anglais : rough set) est un objet mathématique basé sur la logique 3 états. Dans sa première définition, un ensemble approximatif est une paire de deux ensembles : une approximation inférieure et une approximation supérieure. Il existe également un type d'ensembles approximatifs défini par une paire d'ensembles flous (anglais : fuzzy set).
Alternative set theoryIn a general sense, an alternative set theory is any of the alternative mathematical approaches to the concept of set and any alternative to the de facto standard set theory described in axiomatic set theory by the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. More specifically, Alternative Set Theory (or AST) may refer to a particular set theory developed in the 1970s and 1980s by Petr Vopěnka and his students.
Ensemble flouLa théorie des sous-ensembles flous est une théorie mathématique du domaine de l’algèbre abstraite. Elle a été développée par Lotfi Zadeh en 1965 afin de représenter mathématiquement l'imprécision relative à certaines classes d'objets et sert de fondement à la logique floue. Les sous-ensembles flous (ou parties floues) ont été introduits afin de modéliser la représentation humaine des connaissances, et ainsi améliorer les performances des systèmes de décision qui utilisent cette modélisation.
Internal set theoryInternal set theory (IST) is a mathematical theory of sets developed by Edward Nelson that provides an axiomatic basis for a portion of the nonstandard analysis introduced by Abraham Robinson. Instead of adding new elements to the real numbers, Nelson's approach modifies the axiomatic foundations through syntactic enrichment. Thus, the axioms introduce a new term, "standard", which can be used to make discriminations not possible under the conventional ZFC axioms for sets.
Set-builder notationIn set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements, or stating the properties that its members must satisfy. Defining sets by properties is also known as set comprehension, set abstraction or as defining a set's intension. Set (mathematics)#Roster notation A set can be described directly by enumerating all of its elements between curly brackets, as in the following two examples: is the set containing the four numbers 3, 7, 15, and 31, and nothing else.
Théorie des ensembles non bien fondésLa théorie des ensembles non bien fondés est une variante de la théorie axiomatique des ensembles qui permet aux ensembles de s'appartenir les uns aux autres sans limite. Autrement dit, c'est une théorie des ensembles qui ne satisfait pas l'axiome de fondation. Plus précisément, dans la théorie des ensembles non bien fondés, l'axiome de fondation de ZFC est remplacé par un axiome impliquant sa négation.
Knowledge representation and reasoningKnowledge representation and reasoning (KRR, KR&R, KR2) is the field of artificial intelligence (AI) dedicated to representing information about the world in a form that a computer system can use to solve complex tasks such as diagnosing a medical condition or having a dialog in a natural language. Knowledge representation incorporates findings from psychology about how humans solve problems and represent knowledge in order to design formalisms that will make complex systems easier to design and build.
Business process modelingBusiness process modeling (BPM) in business process management and systems engineering is the activity of representing processes of an enterprise, so that the current business processes may be analyzed, improved, and automated. BPM is typically performed by business analysts, who provide expertise in the modeling discipline; by subject matter experts, who have specialized knowledge of the processes being modeled; or more commonly by a team comprising both. Alternatively, the process model can be derived directly from events' logs using process mining tools.
Business Process ManagementLe Business Process Management (BPM), ou Gestion des Processus Métiers, permet d’avoir une vue d’ensemble de processus métiers de l’organisation et de leurs interactions pour les optimiser et les automatiser autant que possible. Pour ce faire, il faut analyser le fonctionnement réel de l'entreprise afin de le modéliser informatiquement, par exemple avec le formalisme BPMN et les outils associés. Dans une deuxième étape, les processus automatisés, même partiellement, font l'objet d'un monitoring (Cf.
