Superconducting wireSuperconducting wires are electrical wires made of superconductive material. When cooled below their transition temperatures, they have zero electrical resistance. Most commonly, conventional superconductors such as niobium–titanium are used, but high-temperature superconductors such as YBCO are entering the market. Superconducting wire's advantages over copper or aluminum include higher maximum current densities and zero power dissipation.
SurfaceA surface, as the term is most generally used, is the outermost or uppermost layer of a physical object or space. It is the portion or region of the object that can first be perceived by an observer using the senses of sight and touch, and is the portion with which other materials first interact. The surface of an object is more than "a mere geometric solid", but is "filled with, spread over by, or suffused with perceivable qualities such as color and warmth".
Théorie des bandesredresse=1.5|vignette|Représentation schématique des bandes d'énergie d'un solide. représente le niveau de Fermi. thumb|upright=1.5|Animation sur le point de vue quantique sur les métaux et isolants liée à la théorie des bandes En physique de l'état solide, la théorie des bandes est une modélisation des valeurs d'énergie que peuvent prendre les électrons d'un solide à l'intérieur de celui-ci. De façon générale, ces électrons n'ont la possibilité de prendre que des valeurs d'énergie comprises dans certains intervalles, lesquels sont séparés par des bandes d'énergie interdites (ou bandes interdites).
Spectrométrie photoélectronique Xvignette|upright=1.4|Machine XPS avec un analyseur de masse (A), des lentilles électromagnétiques (B), une chambre d'ultra-vide (C), une source de rayon X (D) et une pompe à vide (E) La spectrométrie photoélectronique X, ou spectrométrie de photoélectrons induits par rayons X (en anglais, X-Ray photoelectron spectrometry : XPS) est une méthode de spectrométrie photoélectronique qui implique la mesure des spectres de photoélectrons induits par des photons de rayon X.
Upper critical solution temperatureThe upper critical solution temperature (UCST) or upper consolute temperature is the critical temperature above which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word upper indicates that the UCST is an upper bound to a temperature range of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. For example, hexane-nitrobenzene mixtures have a UCST of , so that these two substances are miscible in all proportions above but not at lower temperatures.
Band diagramIn solid-state physics of semiconductors, a band diagram is a diagram plotting various key electron energy levels (Fermi level and nearby energy band edges) as a function of some spatial dimension, which is often denoted x. These diagrams help to explain the operation of many kinds of semiconductor devices and to visualize how bands change with position (band bending). The bands may be coloured to distinguish level filling. A band diagram should not be confused with a band structure plot.
Lower critical solution temperatureThe lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or lower consolute temperature is the critical temperature below which the components of a mixture are miscible in all proportions. The word lower indicates that the LCST is a lower bound to a temperature interval of partial miscibility, or miscibility for certain compositions only. The phase behavior of polymer solutions is an important property involved in the development and design of most polymer-related processes.
Metal–semiconductor junctionIn solid-state physics, a metal–semiconductor (M–S) junction is a type of electrical junction in which a metal comes in close contact with a semiconductor material. It is the oldest practical semiconductor device. M–S junctions can either be rectifying or non-rectifying. The rectifying metal–semiconductor junction forms a Schottky barrier, making a device known as a Schottky diode, while the non-rectifying junction is called an ohmic contact.
Exposant critiqueLors d'une transition de phase de deuxième ordre, au voisinage du point critique, les systèmes physiques ont des comportements universels en lois de puissances caractérisées par des exposants critiques. Au point critique, un fluide est caractérisé par une température critique et une densité critique . Pour une température légèrement supérieure à (à nombre de particules et volume constants), le système est homogène avec une densité . Pour une température légèrement inférieure à , il y a une séparation de phase entre une phase liquide (de densité ) et une phase gazeuse (de densité ).
Strongly correlated materialStrongly correlated materials are a wide class of compounds that include insulators and electronic materials, and show unusual (often technologically useful) electronic and magnetic properties, such as metal-insulator transitions, heavy fermion behavior, half-metallicity, and spin-charge separation. The essential feature that defines these materials is that the behavior of their electrons or spinons cannot be described effectively in terms of non-interacting entities.
