Adult neurogenesisAdult neurogenesis is the process in which neurons are generated from neural stem cells in the adult. This process differs from prenatal neurogenesis. In most mammals, new neurons are born throughout adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where neural stem cells give birth to granule cells (implicated in memory formation and learning). The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles, which can be divided into three microdomains: lateral, dorsal and medial.
Progenitor cellA progenitor cell is a biological cell that can differentiate into a specific cell type. Stem cells and progenitor cells have this ability in common. However, stem cells are less specified than progenitor cells. Progenitor cells can only differentiate into their "target" cell type. The most important difference between stem cells and progenitor cells is that stem cells can replicate indefinitely, whereas progenitor cells can divide only a limited number of times. Controversy about the exact definition remains and the concept is still evolving.
Cellule souche neuraleLes cellules souches neurales sont des cellules souches - multipotentes et capables de s'auto-renouveler - dont le potentiel de différenciation est restreint aux types cellulaires neuraux, notamment : Neurone, Astrocyte et Oligodendrocyte. Durant l'embryogenèse, ces cellules souches neurales sont situées dans la zone ventriculaire du tube neural. Elles génèrent l'ensemble des types cellulaires nécessaires au système nerveux central (à l'exception de la microglie), par un processus appelé neurogenèse.
Cellule mésenchymateuseLes cellules mésenchymateuses sont des cellules souches, stromales et multipotentes. Elles sont présentes dans le mésenchyme de l'embryon, dans le sang de cordon ombilical et plus encore dans la gelée de Wharton (qui entoure le cordon). Elles sont aussi présentes chez l'adulte, mais en très faibles quantités. Depuis la fin des années 1990, la démonstration de la capacité unique des cellules souches (SC) à s'auto-renouveler a suscité d'importants espoirs d'usages thérapeutiques nouveaux.
Stem cell controversyThe stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial.
Zone sous-ventriculaireThe subventricular zone (SVZ) is a region situated on the outside wall of each lateral ventricle of the vertebrate brain. It is present in both the embryonic and adult brain. In embryonic life, the SVZ refers to a secondary proliferative zone containing neural progenitor cells, which divide to produce neurons in the process of neurogenesis. The primary neural stem cells of the brain and spinal cord, termed radial glial cells, instead reside in the ventricular zone (VZ) (so-called because the VZ lines the inside of the developing ventricles).
Protéine fluorescente vertevignette|Aequorea victoria. La protéine fluorescente verte (souvent abrégé GFP, de l'anglais « Green Fluorescent Protein ») est une protéine ayant la propriété d'émettre une fluorescence de couleur verte. Issue d'une méduse (Aequorea victoria), cette protéine est intrinsèquement fluorescente sous l'action d'une enzyme, l'aequoréine, une luciférase qui agit en présence de calcium. Son gène peut être fusionné in-vitro au gène d'une protéine que l'on souhaite étudier.
Haematopoietic systemThe haematopoietic system is the system in the body involved in the creation of the cells of blood. Hematopoietic stem cell Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) reside in the medulla of the bone (bone marrow) and have the unique ability to give rise to all of the different mature blood cell types and tissues. HSCs are self-renewing cells: when they differentiate, at least some of their daughter cells remain as HSCs, so the pool of stem cells is not depleted. This phenomenon is called asymmetric division.
Subgranular zoneThe subgranular zone (SGZ) is a brain region in the hippocampus where adult neurogenesis occurs. The other major site of adult neurogenesis is the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the brain. The subgranular zone is a narrow layer of cells located between the granule cell layer and hilus of the dentate gyrus. This layer is characterized by several types of cells, the most prominent type being neural stem cells (NSCs) in various stages of development.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
