Isolation (informatique)Dans les systèmes de gestion de base de données (SGBD), l'isolation est la capacité d'un système d'isoler les modifications dans une transaction en cours de celles faites dans les autres transactions conduites simultanément, jusqu'à ce qu'elle soit complétée. C'est l'une des quatre propriétés ACID d'une base de données. L'isolation des transactions d'une base données est assurée par son moteur de stockage, par un contrôle de concurrence entre elles.
Transactional memoryIn computer science and engineering, transactional memory attempts to simplify concurrent programming by allowing a group of load and store instructions to execute in an atomic way. It is a concurrency control mechanism analogous to database transactions for controlling access to shared memory in concurrent computing. Transactional memory systems provide high-level abstraction as an alternative to low-level thread synchronization. This abstraction allows for coordination between concurrent reads and writes of shared data in parallel systems.
Distributed transactionA distributed transaction is a database transaction in which two or more network hosts are involved. Usually, hosts provide transactional resources, while the transaction manager is responsible for creating and managing a global transaction that encompasses all operations against such resources. Distributed transactions, as any other transactions, must have all four ACID (atomicity, consistency, isolation, durability) properties, where atomicity guarantees all-or-nothing outcomes for the unit of work (operations bundle).
Database transactionA database transaction symbolizes a unit of work, performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, that is treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: To provide reliable units of work that allow correct recovery from failures and keep a database consistent even in cases of system failure.
Commitment orderingCommitment ordering (CO) is a class of interoperable serializability techniques in concurrency control of databases, transaction processing, and related applications. It allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. With the proliferation of multi-core processors, CO has also been increasingly utilized in concurrent programming, transactional memory, and software transactional memory (STM) to achieve serializability optimistically. CO is also the name of the resulting transaction schedule (history) property, defined in 1988 with the name dynamic atomicity.
Concurrency controlIn information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible. Computer systems, both software and hardware, consist of modules, or components. Each component is designed to operate correctly, i.e., to obey or to meet certain consistency rules.
Optimistic concurrency controlOptimistic concurrency control (OCC), also known as optimistic locking, is a concurrency control method applied to transactional systems such as relational database management systems and software transactional memory. OCC assumes that multiple transactions can frequently complete without interfering with each other. While running, transactions use data resources without acquiring locks on those resources. Before committing, each transaction verifies that no other transaction has modified the data it has read.
Réseau informatiquethumb|upright|Connecteurs RJ-45 servant à la connexion des réseaux informatiques via Ethernet. thumb|upright Un réseau informatique ( ou DCN) est un ensemble d'équipements reliés entre eux pour échanger des informations. Par analogie avec un (un réseau est un « petit rets », c'est-à-dire un petit filet), on appelle nœud l'extrémité d'une connexion, qui peut être une intersection de plusieurs connexions ou équipements (un ordinateur, un routeur, un concentrateur, un commutateur).
Perte de paquetsLa perte de paquets se produit lorsqu'un ou plusieurs paquets de données transitant par un réseau informatique n'arrivent pas à destination. La perte de paquets est causée soit par des erreurs de transmission de données, généralement sur des réseaux sans fil soit par une congestion du réseau. La perte de paquets est mesurée en pourcentage des paquets perdus par rapport aux paquets envoyés. Le protocole de transmission de données informatiques (TCP en anglais) détecte la perte de paquets et effectue des retransmissions pour assurer une messagerie fiable .
Snapshot isolationIn databases, and transaction processing (transaction management), snapshot isolation is a guarantee that all reads made in a transaction will see a consistent snapshot of the database (in practice it reads the last committed values that existed at the time it started), and the transaction itself will successfully commit only if no updates it has made conflict with any concurrent updates made since that snapshot.
