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Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with silica and boron trioxide as the main glass-forming constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low coefficients of thermal expansion (≈3 × 10−6 K−1 at 20 °C), making them more resistant to thermal shock than any other common glass. Such glass is subjected to less thermal stress and can withstand temperature differentials without fracturing of about . It is commonly used for the construction of reagent bottles and flasks, as well as lighting, electronics, and cookware. Borosilicate glass is sold under various trade names, including Borosil, Duran, Pyrex, Glassco, Supertek, Suprax, Simax, Bellco, Marinex (Brazil), BSA 60, BSC 51 (by NIPRO), Heatex, Endural, Schott, Refmex, Kimax, Gemstone Well, United Scientific, and MG (India). Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. They include the sodium-vapor lamp that is commonly used in street lighting. Borosilicate glass melts at about . Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century in Jena. This early borosilicate glass thus came to be known as Jena glass. After Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, the name became synonymous for borosilicate glass in the English-speaking world (since the 1940s, a sizable portion of glass produced under the Pyrex brand has also been made of soda–lime glass). Borosilicate glass is the name of a glass family with various members tailored to completely different purposes. Most common today is borosilicate 3.3 or 5.0x glass such as Duran, Corning33, Corning51-V (clear), Corning51-L (amber), International Cookware's NIPRO BSA 60, and BSC 51. Borosilicate glass is created by combining and melting boric oxide, silica sand, soda ash, and alumina. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass, some new techniques were required for industrial production.

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Sol-gel processes applied to micro- and nanotechnology

Jean-Baptiste Robert Orhan

In this thesis, we intend to develop the sol-gel technology (a chemical way to make glass) from the traditional "raw" materials side to a novel technology allowing realization of innovative products in the field of micro- and nanotechnology. We first present the development of a process for the realization of 60 µm thick and 100 µm wide microlens arrays in sol-gel glass, based on an innovative photoresist replication and softening method. We synthesize and characterize our hybrid organic/inorganic sol-gel glass solution. The structural and optical characterizations indicate the reproducibility and high optical quality of our sol-gel glass micro-lens arrays. Then, we demonstrated a novel non-aqueous synthesis route to obtain a borosilicate solution used for the in situ modification of a poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel. Our modification process is producing a covalently bonded smooth and sub-micron thick (800 nm) crack-free borosilicate glass coating. The efficiency of the coating is demonstrated by a negligible diffusion of fluorescent Rhodamine B in the PDMS, when flowing water- and toluene-based solutions through the microchannel. Moreover, the coating prevents swelling and consequent structural damage of the PDMS when exposed to harsh chemicals like toluene. Finally, we discovered and report on an original process for the generation of borosilicate nanoparticles by mixing a non-aqueous Si-B binary oxide solution with water. Our experiments allow us to assess the borosilicate nature of the generated particles, and also to propose a novel formation mechanism via exothermic phase separation. Our discovery has high potential; not only for life science applications, but monodisperse borosilicate particles could be key to the realization of photonic bandgap devices with high optical contrast, contrast agents for ultrasonic microscopy or chemical filtration membranes. To sum up, our work demonstrates the possibility of innovative and versatile use of the sol-gel process in the micro- and nanotechnology field.

EPFL2008

Borosilicate glass

Pyrex

Pyrex (trademarked as PYREX and pyrex) is a brand introduced by Corning Inc. in 1915 for a line of clear, low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. It was later expanded in the 1930s to include kitchenware products made of soda–lime glass and other materials. In 1998, the kitchenware division of Corning Inc. responsible for the development of Pyrex spun off from its parent company as Corning Consumer Products Company, subsequently renamed Corelle Brands (later merged with Instant Brands).

Gas-discharge lamp

Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma. Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a mixture of these gases. Some include additional substances, such as mercury, sodium, and metal halides, which are vaporized during start-up to become part of the gas mixture. Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a mica disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap.

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