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In mathematics, a root of unity, occasionally called a de Moivre number, is any complex number that yields 1 when raised to some positive integer power n. Roots of unity are used in many branches of mathematics, and are especially important in number theory, the theory of group characters, and the discrete Fourier transform. Roots of unity can be defined in any field. If the characteristic of the field is zero, the roots are complex numbers that are also algebraic integers. For fields with a positive characteristic, the roots belong to a finite field, and, conversely, every nonzero element of a finite field is a root of unity. Any algebraically closed field contains exactly n nth roots of unity, except when n is a multiple of the (positive) characteristic of the field. An nth root of unity, where n is a positive integer, is a number z satisfying the equation Unless otherwise specified, the roots of unity may be taken to be complex numbers (including the number 1, and the number −1 if n is even, which are complex with a zero imaginary part), and in this case, the nth roots of unity are However, the defining equation of roots of unity is meaningful over any field (and even over any ring) F, and this allows considering roots of unity in F. Whichever is the field F, the roots of unity in F are either complex numbers, if the characteristic of F is 0, or, otherwise, belong to a finite field. Conversely, every nonzero element in a finite field is a root of unity in that field. See Root of unity modulo n and Finite field for further details. An nth root of unity is said to be if it is not an mth root of unity for some smaller m, that is if If n is a prime number, then all nth roots of unity, except 1, are primitive. In the above formula in terms of exponential and trigonometric functions, the primitive nth roots of unity are those for which k and n are coprime integers. Subsequent sections of this article will comply with complex roots of unity. For the case of roots of unity in fields of nonzero characteristic, see .

Moments of the number of points in a bounded set for number field lattices

Maryna Viazovska, Nihar Prakash Gargava, Vlad Serban

We examine the moments of the number of lattice points in a fixed ball of volume

V

for lattices in Euclidean space which are modules over the ring of integers of a number field

K

. In particular, denoting by

ω_K

the number of roots of unity in

K

, we ...

arXiv2023