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Concept
Normal probability plot
Summary
The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality. This includes identifying outliers, skewness, kurtosis, a need for transformations, and mixtures. Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters.
In a normal probability plot (also called a "normal plot"), the sorted data are plotted vs. values selected to make the resulting image look close to a straight line if the data are approximately normally distributed. Deviations from a straight line suggest departures from normality. The plotting can be manually performed by using a special graph paper, called normal probability paper. With modern computers normal plots are commonly made with software.
The normal probability plot is a special case of the Q–Q probability plot for a normal distribution. The theoretical quantiles are generally chosen to approximate either the mean or the median of the corresponding order statistics.
The normal probability plot is formed by plotting the sorted data vs. an approximation to the means or medians of the corresponding order statistics; see rankit. Some plot the data on the vertical axis; others plot the data on the horizontal axis.
Different sources use slightly different approximations for rankits. The formula used by the "qqnorm" function in the basic "stats" package in R (programming language) is as follows:
for i = 1, 2, ..., n,
where
a = 3/8 if n ≤ 10 and
0.5 for n > 10,
and Φ^−1 is the standard normal quantile function.
If the data are consistent with a sample from a normal distribution, the points should lie close to a straight line. As a reference, a straight line can be fit to the points. The further the points vary from this line, the greater the indication of departure from normality. If the sample has mean 0, standard deviation 1 then a line through 0 with slope 1 could be used.
With more points, random deviations from a line will be less pronounced. Normal plots are often used with as few as 7 points, e.g.
Official source
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