Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood in order to replicate inside of a patient and to produce additional normal blood cells. It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical twin).
It is most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia. In these cases, the recipient's immune system is usually destroyed with radiation or chemotherapy before the transplantation. Infection and graft-versus-host disease are major complications of allogeneic HSCT.
HSCT remains a dangerous procedure with many possible complications; it is reserved for patients with life-threatening diseases. As survival following the procedure has increased, its use has expanded beyond cancer to autoimmune diseases and hereditary skeletal dysplasias, notably malignant infantile osteopetrosis and mucopolysaccharidosis.
List of conditions treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Indications for stem-cell transplantation are:
Acute myeloid leukemia
Chronic myeloid leukemia
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Hodgkin lymphoma (relapsed, refractory)
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (relapsed, refractory)
Neuroblastoma
Ewing sarcoma
Multiple myeloma
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Gliomas, other solid tumors
Thalassemia
Sickle cell anemia
Aplastic anemia
Fanconi anemia
Malignant infantile osteopetrosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Pyruvate kinase deficiency
Immune deficiency syndromes
Autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis
Many recipients of HSCTs are multiple myeloma or leukemia patients who would not benefit from prolonged treatment with, or are already resistant to, chemotherapy.
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Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare, AR, genetic disease resulting in impaired response to DNA damage in the FA/BRCA pathway. Although it is a very rare disorder, study of this and other bone marrow failure syndromes has improved scientific understanding of the mechanisms of normal bone marrow function and development of cancer. Among those affected, the majority develop cancer, most often acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), MDS, and liver tumors. 90% develop aplastic anemia (the inability to produce blood cells) by age 40.
Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the transplantation of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells, usually derived from bone marrow, peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood in order to replicate inside of a patient and to produce additional normal blood cells. It may be autologous (the patient's own stem cells are used), allogeneic (the stem cells come from a donor) or syngeneic (from an identical twin). It is most often performed for patients with certain cancers of the blood or bone marrow, such as multiple myeloma or leukemia.
Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies. Often, no symptoms are noticed initially. As it progresses, bone pain, anemia, kidney dysfunction, and infections may occur. Complications may include amyloidosis. The cause of multiple myeloma is unknown. Risk factors include obesity, radiation exposure, family history, age and certain chemicals. There is an increased risk of multiple myeloma in certain occupations.
Training in hemato-oncology.
Analysis and genetic manipulation of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Morphological recognition of main hematopoietic lineages.
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