Water of crystallization

In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation. Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost. Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins. Applications Knowledge of

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Hydrothermal Synthesis of SrTiO

Agnese Carino, Paolo Nanni, Andrea Testino

The hydrothermal synthesis of SrTiO3 in a Sr(OH)2/NaOH solution by reaction of four different single crystalline titanium precursors (anatase, rutile, sodium titanate, and hydrogen titanate) having the same nanowire morphology was investigated under stagnant fluid conditions. Owing to the low solubility and dissolution rate of the parent phases, the reaction mainly occurs in a thin interfacial fluid layer. The new phase only grows on the substrate surface, and the morphology evolution is largely controlled by the interface through the coupling of substrate dissolution and SrTiO3 crystallization. The pseudomorphic replacement of the precursor by the product occurs if complete surface coverage is attained. Depending on the crystallographic matching, the parent crystal can either transform in a mesocrystal as happens with anatase via a topochemical transformation or in a polycrystalline product as observed with sodium titanate. In contrast, if the product grows in the form of isolated particles or with dendritic morphology, as in the case of hydrogen titanate and, to a lesser extent rutile, the new compound will not inherit the precursor morphology. When well-defined interfaces are missing, as happens when amorphous titanium hydroxide gel suspensions are used as precursors, the crystallization of SrTiO3 occurs by a completely different pathway, i.e., oriented self-assembly of nanocrystals in mesocrystals. © 2015 American Chemical Society.

American Chemical Society2015

Hydrothermal Synthesis of SrTiO3: Role of Interfaces

Agnese Carino, Paolo Nanni, Andrea Testino

The hydrothermal synthesis of SrTiO3 in a Sr(OH)(2)/NaOH solution by reaction of four different single crystalline titanium precursors (anatase, rutile, sodium titanate, and hydrogen titanate) having the same nanowire morphology was investigated under stagnant fluid conditions. Owing to the low solubility and dissolution rate of the parent phases, the reaction mainly occurs in a thin interfacial fluid layer. The new phase only grows on the substrate surface, and the morphology evolution is largely controlled by the interface through the coupling of substrate dissolution and SrTiO3 crystallization. The pseudomorphic replacement of the precursor by the product occurs if complete surface coverage is attained. Depending on the crystallographic matching, the parent crystal can either transform in a mesocrystal as happens with anatase via a topochemical transformation or in a polycrystalline product as observed with sodium titanate. In contrast, if the product grows in the form of isolated particles or with dendritic morphology, as in the case of hydrogen titanate and, to a lesser extent rutile, the new compound will not inherit the precursor morphology. When well-defined interfaces are missing, as happens when amorphous titanium hydroxide gel suspensions are used as precursors, the crystallization of SrTiO3 occurs by a completely different pathway, i.e., oriented self-assembly of nanocrystals in mesocrystals.

American Chemical Society2015

Bulk single-crystal growth of the theoretically predicted magnetic Weyl semimetals RAlGe (R = Pr, Ce)

Neeraj Kumar, Jonathan White

We explore two methods for single-crystal growth of the theoretically proposed magnetic Weyl semimetals RAlGe (R = Pr, Ce), which prove that a floating-zone technique, being both crucible- and flux-free, is crucial to obtain perfectly stoichiometric RAlGe crystals. In contrast, the crystals grown by a flux-growth technique tend to be Al-rich. We further present both structural and elemental analyses, along with bulk magnetization and electrical resistivity data on the crystals prepared by the floating-zone technique. Both systems with the intended 1:1:1 stoichiometry crystallize in the anticipated polar I4(1) md (No. 109) space group, although neither displays the theoretically expected ferromagnetic ground state. Instead PrAlGe displays a spin-glass-like transition below 16 K with an easy c axis and CeAlGe has an easy-ab-plane antiferromagnetic order below 5 K. The grown crystals provide an ideal platform for microscopic studies of the magnetic field-tunable correlation physics involving magnetism and topological Weyl nodes.

AMER PHYSICAL SOC2019

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Iron is a chemical element with the symbol Fe () and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common elem

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In chemistry, a salt is a chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of positively charged cations and negatively charged anions, which results in a compound with no net electric charge. A co