Circuit design

Summary

The process of circuit design can cover systems ranging from complex electronic systems down to the individual transistors within an integrated circuit. One person can often do the design process without needing a planned or structured design process for simple circuits. Still, teams of designers following a systematic approach with intelligently guided computer simulation are becoming increasingly common for more complex designs. In integrated circuit design automation, the term "circuit design" often refers to the step of the design cycle which outputs the schematics of the integrated circuit. Typically this is the step between logic design and physical design. Process Traditional circuit design usually involves several stages. Sometimes, a design specification is written after liaising with the customer. A technical proposal may be written to meet the requirements of the customer specification. The next stage involves synthesising on paper a schematic circuit diagram

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Drug delivery systems (DDS) were engineered to overcome the drawbacks of more common methods such as oral pills and intravenous injections. Implantable capsules that release anesthetic drugs locally for pain management after Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) are currently in development within the LMIS1. The capsule will be implanted at the site of the wound during the operation and will be controlled wirelessly through resonant inductive coupling, enabling a local release of analgesics. Within this framework, this project aimed to investigate the interaction of electro-magnetic elds with the tissue that separates the transmitting coil of the controller from the implanted capsule. The main aspects that were studied consisted of the penetration of the magnetic eld and the Specic Absorption Rate (SAR). As the receiving coils on the reservoirs of capsule will each resonate at specic frequency between 300 MHz and 1.1 GHz, the aforementioned aspects were assessed at the two ends of the frequency spectrum. This was performed through the means of Finite Element Analysis, using COMSOL simulation software. To do so, models with three dierent types of media were built: air as a baseline, multi-layered tissue as an anatomically representative model, that reproduced remote power transfer to a capsule implanted at the level of the knee, and water as an approximation of the multi-layered tissue model. As a result, it appeared that, at the higher frequencies, the magnetic eld is subject to considerable attenuation, such that the power input necessary to generate sucient eld intensity at the level of the capsule in a multi-layered tissue model must be increased from a baseline of 5 W, to 10 W at 300 MHz and to 50 W at 1.1 GHz. The analysis of the SAR revealed that average peak SAR values reached are higher than the safety limit (in an uncontrolled environment) at a frequency of 1.1 GHz, and that the SAR is proportional to the power input. This implies that there is a trade-o to increasing the power input to adjust the intensity of the magnetic eld that could potentially be resolved by modifying the circuit design. Furthermore, it was concluded that approximating tissue with water may cause for the magnetic eld intensity as well as the SAR to be underestimated, due to the diering dielectric properties and to the density of water being lower than that of skin or tendon. Thus, a more anatomically accurate multi-layered tissue model should be favoured.

2020

Nanowatt Acoustic Inference Sensing Exploiting Nonlinear Analog Feature Extraction

Christian Enz, Minhao Yang, Jun Zhang

Ultralow-power sensing with inference functionality embedded in sensor nodes is essential for enabling the emerging pervasive intelligence. For acoustic inference sensing, the feature extraction can take advantage of power-efficient analog circuits. However, the existing solutions have been mostly constrained to linear analog signal processing, which largely limits the achievable power efficiency. In this article, we show that tasks like voice activity detection and keyword spotting can well accommodate analog feature extractor's high nonlinearity, which arises from electronic device physics and circuit design constraints. Applying this principle to a 65-nm CMOS chip implementation, we demonstrate high classification accuracy with nonlinear analog feature extraction consuming only 50 nW. At the end of digital scaling, this study may shed light on the possibility of exploiting the largely relaxed degree of freedom, i.e., linearity, in analog circuit design in the pursuit of extreme power efficiency for designing future inference sensing systems.

IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC2021

The complexity of radiofrequency circuit design comes from the large number of parameters to be adjusted. Constant node shrink in CMOS process and variation of technology skills significantly contribute to this complexity. The paper reports on a reliable and portable design methodology based on a low-power figure of merit (FOM) and inversion coefficient applied to the design of a low noise amplifier (LNA). The design procedure considers the circuit specifications and the optimization of the FOM. As a case of study it is applied to 2.4 GHz LNA designed in a 28 nm technology then exploited to compare different CMOS technology nodes: 28, 65, 130 nm.

Springer2016

2020