Multi-mode optical fiber | EPFL Graph Search

Multi-mode optical fiber is a type of optical fiber mostly used for communication over short distances, such as within a building or on a campus. Multi-mode links can be used for data rates up to 100 Gbit/s. Multi-mode fiber has a fairly large core diameter that enables multiple light modes to be propagated and limits the maximum length of a transmission link because of modal dispersion. The standard G.651.1 defines the most widely used forms of multi-mode optical fiber. Applications The equipment used for communications over multi-mode optical fiber is less expensive than that for single-mode optical fiber. Typical transmission speed and distance limits are 100 Mbit/s for distances up to 2 km (100BASE-FX), 1 Gbit/s up to 1000 m, and 10 Gbit/s up to 550 m. Because of its high capacity and reliability, multi-mode optical fiber generally is used for backbone applications in buildings. An increasing number of users are taking the benefits of fiber clo

Exploring nonlinearities in multimode optical fibers for lasers and computing

Ugur Tegin

Multimode optical fibers are the backbone of telecommunication and medical imaging. When light with high intensity travels through a multimode fiber, photons and matter start to interact and propa-gation becomes nonlinear. The nonlinear propagation of light results in variations in the spatial and temporal distribution of the light. Therefore, at the end of the fiber spatial distribution of the light and/or its wavelength changes.In this thesis, nonlinear interactions in multimode fiber are explored and controlled for laser, compu-ting and machine learning applications. Novel approaches for scalable energy-efficient optical compu-ting, learning, and controlling nonlinear dynamics with machine learning tools, ultrashort pulse gener-ation with superior beam qualities, high peak power and stability are demonstrated.Firstly, high-power ultrashort pulse generation in multimode laser cavities is explored. By studying pulse dynamics, significant improvements are achieved and near-single mode output beam profiles are demonstrated. Later, a novel all-fiber laser design is presented to achieve stable ultrashort pulses with a compact and low-cost laser cavity. In the second half of this thesis, machine learning tools are uti-lized to acquire the relation between the nonlinear frequency generation and the initial excitation of the multimode fibers to create tunable frequency sources. Advanced artificial neural network designs are implemented to learn nonlinear light propagation in multimode fibers to replace time consuming conventional simulations. Finally, the nonlinear interactions shaping the propagating beam distribu-tion are employed to process information to perform optical computing with multimode fibers.Multimode fibers are an ideal testbed to investigate complex nonlinear dynamics in nature. We be-lieve the demonstrated applications and the achieved results are just a subset of the capabilities of the optical fiber. These approaches can be used as a steppingstone to demonstrate advanced applica-tions with light.

EPFL2021

Learning of physical systems: from inference to control

Babak Rahmani

To characterize a physical system to behave as desired, either its underlying governing rulesmust be known a priori or the system itself be accurately measured. The complexity of fullmeasurements of the system scales with its size. When exposed to real-world conditions, suchas perturbations or time-varying settings, the system calibrated for a fixed working conditionmight require non-trivial re-calibration, a process that could be prohibitively expensive, inefficientand impractical for real-world use cases.In this thesis, a learning procedure for solving highly ill-posed problems of modeling a system'sforward and backward response functions is proposed. In particular, deep neural networksare used to infer the input of a system from partial measurements of its outputs or to obtain adesired target output from a physical system.I showcase the applicability of the proposed methods for inference and control in opticalmultimode fibers. Amplitude/phase-encoded input of a multimode fiber is reconstructedfrom intensity-only measurements of the outputs. Conversely, the required input of the fiberfor projecting a desired output is obtained using intensity-only measurements of the output.Next, the stochastic neural network of the retina in Salamander is modeled by a probabilisticneural network. The model is used to optimize the input stimuli so as to find the simplestspatiotemporal patterns that elicit the same neuronal spike responses as those elicited byhigh-dimensional stimuli.As demonstrated in this thesis, application of data-driven methods for characterization ofcomplex large-scale real-world systems has proved useful in simplifying the measurement apparatus,end-to-end optimization of the system and automatic compensation of perturbation.

EPFL2022

Control of pulsed light propagation through multimode optical fibers

Edgar Emilio Morales Delgado

Visualization of organs and cells in the interior of living beings is a challenging task due to the light absorption and multiple light scattering occurring in biological tissue that prevents the di-rect transmission of images. A standard visualization approach is based on the use of endo-scopes which is accomplished through apertures in the body. Since their invention, the light transmission capability of optical fibers has enabled fiber optic based endoscopy with devices based on bundles of optical fibers that can directly relay images. Due to their small diameter, fiber optic endoscopes are standard in minimally invasive applications either with a white light illumination or as a fluorescent imaging device. The principle behind fluorescent endoscopy consists on the scanning of light intensity over a fluorescent sample, which is achieved by se-quential illumination of each one of the fiber bundles or by mechanical scanning of a single-mode double-cladding fiber. Collecting the fluorescent signal through the light guiding medium, an image can be reconstructed. The main drawback of fiber bundle endoscopes is the pixelated limited resolution given by the presence of thousands of cores that conform the bundle. In the double cladding fiber endoscopes, there is a limit to the miniaturization of the endoscope due to the requirement of mechanical elements at the tip of the fiber to scan the illumination over the sample. In this thesis, methods for focusing and digital scanning of optical light pulses through multimode optical fibers without any distal mechanical element are developed. Such techniques are based on spatial light modulation. Spatial phase modulation allows the control of light propagation in scrambling media, as in a multimode fiber, enabling the generation of intensity light foci or arbitrary intensity profiles. The high intensity of the transmitted pulses permits multi-photon imaging through multimode optical fibers, resulting in imaging probes of higher resolution than in the case of fiber bundles. We demonstrate in a working prototype that this approach provides all the advantages of multi-photon microscopy at the tip of an ultra-thin probe, such as a reduced photo bleaching of the sample, optical sectioning and enhanced image contrast. The developed methods can also be employed for material processing that requires high in-tensity light pulses. In specific, we demonstrate additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, at the tip of an ultra-thin needle. The working principle is based on two-photon polymerization, which is accomplished by scanning intense light pulses on a photosensitive material that hardens when exposed to light. All other additive manufacturing methods require very large nozzles or components in close proximity to the structure that they build, up to now. With an ultra-thin 3D printing probe we enable micro-fabrication through very small apertures, in places of difficult access or in the interior of living beings. We call it, endofabrication.