Thermodynamic process

Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic process: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1)A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium. In classical thermodynamics, the actual course of the process is not the primary concern, and often is ignored. A state of thermodynamic equilibrium endures unchangingly unless it is interrupted by a thermodynamic operation that initiates a thermodynamic process. The equilibrium states are each respectively fully specified by a suitable set of thermodynamic state variables, that depend only on the current state of the system, not on the path taken by the processes that produce the state. In general, during the actual course of a thermodynamic process, the system may pass through physical states which are not describable as thermodyna

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CH-334: Opération unitaire et technologie des procédés

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Définir et décrire les principales OpUnit.
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CHARACTERIZATION OF THE THERMOECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM OF AN ELECTRICITY STORAGE SYSTEM BASED ON THEORETICAL THERMODYNAMIC CYCLES

Manuel Rizzato

2012

Thermodynamic and kinetic degradation reactions of organic substances in groundwater modelled with PHREEQC

Johann Jakob Holch

Aim of this diploma thesis is to approach to kinetic modelling of subsurface hydrochemistry with the program code phreeqc. The reaction considered is the degradation of organic mass and its concomitant reactions. Phreeqc is a program for thermodynamical based equilibrium calculations of geo- and hydrochemistry. Although the degradation of organic matter, and the associated reduction reactions due to the oxidation of organic matter, can be modelled with phreeqc, it does not account for kinetically controlled reactions, whose characteristic feature is the dependency of time. This study focuses on the state of the art of environmental modelling, the thermodynamical based calculation of the degradation of organic matter and on two mathematical approaches to model bacterial degradation of a contaminant, the Monod equation and the Michaelis-Menten approach. Sensitivity analyses of the respective models runs were done. As a result one can see, that the redox chemistry of a natural water depends strongly on the abundance of oxygen and nitrate and, as a matter of course, on the abundance of organic matter. Considering bacterial activity within the degradation process, two basic mathematical formulations have been stated. The Monod equation and the Michaelis-Menten formulation were implemented in a BASIC interpreter in PHREEQC. The sensitivity analyses show, that that a accurate determination of the parameters in laboratory or field is essential. The coupling of kinetically controlled reactions and thermodynamical based equilibrium calculations might lead to auspicious hydrochemical modelling capabilities.

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On the Application of Small-Scale Turbines in Industrial Steam Networks

Ivan Daniel Kantor, François Maréchal, Jürg Alexander Schiffmann, Ansgar Weickgenannt

This study investigates the technical and economic feasibility of replacing throttling valves with smale-scale, oil-free turbomachinery in industrial steam networks. This is done from the perspective of the turbomachine, which has to be integrated into a new or existing process. The considered machines have a power range of P = [0.5, ..., 250 kW] and have been designed using real industrial data from existing processes. Design guidelines are developed, which take into account the thermodynamic process as well as engineering aspects of such a turbomachine. The results suggest that steam conditioning prior to heat exchange could be completed by small expanders to produce mechanical work, reducing exergy destruction and improving site-wide energy efficiency compared to throttling valves. Cost estimates for such machines are presented, which serve as a basis for case-specific investment calculations. The resulting payback times of less than 18 months highlight the economic potential such solutions.

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