Neodymium magnet

Summary

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet) is a permanent magnet made from an alloy of neodymium, iron, and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline structure. Developed independently in 1984 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals, neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet available commercially. Neodymium magnet are the most widely used type of rare-earth magnet. NdFeB magnets can be classified as sintered or bonded, depending on the manufacturing process used. They have replaced other types of magnets in many applications in modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as electric motors in cordless tools, hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners. History General Motors (GM) and Sumitomo Special Metals independently discovered the Nd2Fe14B compound almost simultaneously in 1984. The research was initially driven by the high raw materials cost of SmCo perman

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium_magnet

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Long Spin Lifetime in Rare-Earth Single-Atom Magnets at Surfaces

Boris Sorokin

Further miniaturisation of magnetic storage devices requires an advent of new types of magnets, since classical ferromagnetic materials show lack of remanence at nano- and subnanoscale. A single atom can represent the smallest possible bit of information. Even though the isolated single atoms are paramagnetic, the interaction of surface adsorbed atoms with a substrate can result in high magnetic anisotropy energy and long magnetisation lifetime. In this thesis the magnetic properties of surface supported rare-earth single atoms are investigated with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism and multiplet simulations. The first goal of the project was to find new adatom/substrate combinations that exhibit a long adatom magnetic lifetime, possibly extending the current limits of the atomic magnetic moment stability to higher temperatures and longer spin relaxation times. The second objective was to implement the external electric field control of the adatom magnetic properties.Firstly, we present the experimental and theoretical research on Dy and Ho single atoms deposited on BaO. A comparison of our results with similar studies sheds light on the impact of the substrate crystal field, in particular Dy-O bond covalency, on the magnetic stability of the rare-earth adatoms. Next, the detailed experimental investigation of Dy single atoms on ZnO is presented. This adatom/substrate pair is used as first attempt to implement the electric field control of the adatom magnetic properties. Lastly, we study the Dy adatoms on graphene layers grown on various metals. The vibrational modes of the metallic substrates are shown to strongly affect the Dy spin lifetime, while addition of a second graphene layer does not allow to significantly improve the adatom magnetic stability.

EPFL2022

In one of its acceptation, the word quench is synonym of destruction. And this is even more consistent with reality in the case of the Large Hadron Collider dipole magnets, whose magnetic field and stored energy are unprecedented: the uncontrolled transition from the superconducting to the resistive state can be the origin of dramatic events. This is why the protection of magnets is so important, and why so many studies and investigations have been carried out on quench origin. The production, cold testing and installation of the 1232 arc dipole magnets is completed. They have fulfilled all the requirements and the operation reliability of these magnets has already been partially confirmed. From an academic standpoint, nevertheless, the anomalous mechanical behaviour, which was sometimes observed during power tests, has not yet been given a clear explanation. The work presented in this thesis aims at providing an instrument to better understand the reasons for such anomalies, by means of finite element modelling of the cross-section of the dipole cold mass. During the investigation on quench phenomenology and its characterization, a distinction can be done between the two main quench origins during cold test without beam: the local degradation of the conductor and the frictional heating resulting from mechanical disturbances (such as conductor motion under the effects of the Lorentz forces). Concerning the second type, it is illustrated how important a good positioning of the cables is in a magnet cross-section and which is the fundamental role of azimuthal pre-stress. There are numerous studies of the consequences of conductor motion under the effect of electro-magnetic forces and of the loss of pre-stress during energization. However, no model has ever been able to reproduce in detail and predict such phenomena. The present model, developed in ANSYS® environment, was initiated with the idea of representing the real behaviour of an LHC-type dipole coil, by taking into account each turn individually, reproducing the non-linear and hysteretic mechanical behaviour observed on a stack of insulated cables and inserting friction between mating surfaces. The representation of the mechanical complexity of the composite material is certainly one of the originalities of this study. To validate the model, a comparison with elastic modulus measurements, systematically performed in industry, was carried out, both for single layers and for assembled poles. The agreement is certainly worth the effort lavished and justifies the following steps in simulation, which are the modelling of the collaring mechanism and the cool-down process. These are other important and original elements. The last one, in particular, requires progressively changing the mechanical properties of the superconductor, following the temperature profile. This implied some simplifications to comply with the enhanced convergence difficulties, but does not invalidate the goodness of the description and the results obtained. This is a faithful reproduction of a magnet life-cycle, uncommon in this kind of studies.

EPFL2009

This thesis presents investigations of magnetic and structural properties of two dimensional metal-organic frameworks and of single atoms, both adsorbed on decoupling layers grown on metal surfaces, with focus on rare earth elements.We first report on a series of attempts at realizing self-assembled metal-organic networks on different decoupling layers, probed by scanning tunneling microscopy. The aim is to produce regular structures with high surface filling factors such that the magnetic properties of the rare earth atoms in the metal-organic networks can be investigated by X-ray ensemble measurements. The combinations of three molecular ligands (QDC, BDA, ZnTPyP) on three insulating layers (MgO, NaCl, graphene) with Tb as rare earth are reported. Of the three decoupling layers, only graphene is found to allow the synthesis of metal-organic structures. We successfully synthesized large islands of a rare earth-QDC coordination complex, with a majority of fivefold coordination of the rare earth atoms. The same structure is reproduced with Dy and Er.X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray magnetic circular and linear dichroism measurements are then carried out on the Dy- and Er-QDC/gr/Ir(111) networks. Compared to single atoms on gr/Ir(111), both Dy and Er change their

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and change their easy axis of magnetization. Both species are paramagnetic when incorporated into the metal-organic structure. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the study of Dy, Ho, and Gd on NaCl thin films. All three atoms display

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occupancy of the gas phase. The top-Cl adsorption site is determined with scanning tunneling microscopy. The magnetic properties are probed with X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray magnetic circular and linear dichroism. Ho and Gd are paramagnetic. Dy has out-of-plane anisotropy with open hysteresis at non zero magnetic field. However, thermally assisted quantum tunneling of the magnetization prevents remanence at zero field.

EPFL2022

EPFL2009

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EPFL2022