Stable nuclide

Summary

Stable nuclides are nuclides that are not radioactive and so (unlike radionuclides) do not spontaneously undergo radioactive decay. When such nuclides are referred to in relation to specific elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a total of 251 nuclides that have not been known to decay using current equipment (see list at the end of this article). Of these 80 elements, 26 have only one stable isotope; they are thus termed monoisotopic. The rest have more than one stable isotope. Tin has ten stable isotopes, the largest number of stable isotopes known for an element. Definition of stability, and naturally occurring nuclides Most naturally occurring nuclides are stable (about 251; see list at the end of this article), and about 35 more (total of 286) are known to be radioactive with sufficiently long half-lives (also known) to occur primordially. If the half-life of a nuclide is comparable to, or greate

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Few examples of sub nanometer resolution on biomolecules can be found in literature. In particular, AFM experiments on DNA mostly fail to show the double helical groove periodicity, and so far such a feat was only achieved in liquid. Here we describe a method that produces highly resolved images of DNA where contrast can be assigned to submolecular features such as DNA helix's grooves. Two types of AFM experiments are presented: (1) We started by imaging DNA with Frequency Modulation (FM) AFM, where a shift in resonance frequency is used as a feedback signal and maintained constant during imaging. With FM-AFM we performed experiments in the non-contact (NC) mode, with z-feedback on, where only gentle (few tens of pN) non compressive force is applied between the tip and the sample. (2) Then we switched off the z-feedback and scanned the DNA sample at constant height measuring frequency modulation in order to acquire frequency shift maps of the sample. This was done at several separations including the distances where the frequency feedback is not stable due to the non-monotonicity of the frequency shift curve. At this distance sub-molecular resolution was reached and a calculation of the tip-sample van der Wools interaction at constant height, as well as the periodicity of the observed features that ranges from 3 to 5 nm, suggest that these correspond to the DNA helix grooves. This is the first experimental study where submolecular features of single DNA molecules are observed in dry environment. The knowledge of DNA structure when dried and deposited on flat substrates is important for proper understanding of DNA's electronic behavior and its eventual nanotechnology applications. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2013

Fuel cell system

Mahmoud Hadad

In a fuel cell system comprising a first zone (1) and a second zone (2), wherein the first zone (1) comprises a reaction area (4), wherein the second zone (2) comprises a fluidic connection (6, 7), wherein the fuel cell system comprises a decoupling structure (3) located between the first zone (1) and the second zone (2), wherein the decoupling structure (3) is configured to achieve an at least partial thermal decoupling between the first zone (1) and the second zone (2), the fuel cell system is configured to maintain a temperature of the first zone (1) essentially stable during an operation of the fuel cell system.

2022

Ferroelectric gate for control of transport properties of two-dimensional electron gas at AlGaN/GaN heterostructures

Lisa Malin, Paul Muralt, Nava Setter, Igor Stolichnov

The concept of a field-effect transistor with ferroelectric gate has been implemented using the GaN/AlGaN heterostructure combined with Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 ferroelectric layer. The processing conditions were optimized in a way to obtain textured Pb(Zr,Ti)O-3 films without destroying the two-dimensional electron gas (2D gas) situated at 20 nm below the interface. Poling the ferroelectric layer through the conductive cantilever of the atomic force microscope results in a stable change of resistance of the 2D gas. Concentration and mobility of electrons in the 2D gas were monitored using Hall effect and four-probe conduction measurements in a wide temperature range from 12 to 300 K. The gate polarization oriented in the direction from bottom to top provokes a partial depletion in the channel, resulting in a conductivity decrease by factor of 2.5-3. The depletion effect is found to be reversible so that the initial conductivity in the 2D gas can be restored by depoling the ferroelectric gate. These results indicate that the ferroelectric gate integrated onto the GaN-based system with 2D gas is potentially interesting for nonvolatile memories. Additionally, direct domain writing on a ferroelectric gate represents a flexible and nondestructive way of making rewritable nanopatterns projected onto low-dimensional semiconductor structures. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.

2006