Dialectical behavior therapy

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is an evidence-based psychotherapy that began with efforts to treat personality disorders and interpersonal conflicts. Evidence suggests that DBT can be useful in treating mood disorders and suicidal ideation as well as for changing behavioral patterns such as self-harm and substance use. DBT evolved into a process in which the therapist and client work with acceptance and change-oriented strategies and ultimately balance and synthesize them—comparable to the philosophical dialectical process of thesis and antithesis, followed by synthesis. This approach was developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington. She defines it as "a synthesis or integration of opposites". DBT was designed to help people increase their emotional and cognitive regulation by learning about the triggers that lead to reactive states and by helping to assess which c

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The out-of body experience: precipitating factors and neural correlates

Olaf Blanke, Silvia Bünning

Out-of-body experiences (OBEs) are defined as experiences in which a person seems to be awake and sees his body and the world from a location outside his physical body. More precisely, they can be defined by the presence of the following three phenomenological characteristics: (i) disembodiment (location of the self outside one's body); (ii) the impression of seeing the world from an elevated and distanced visuo-spatial perspective (extracorporeal, but egocentric visuo-spatial perspective); and (iii) the impression of seeing one's own body (autoscopy) from this perspective. OBEs have fascinated mankind from time immemorial and are abundant in folklore, mythology, and spiritual experiences of most ancient and modern societies. Here, we review some of the classical precipitating factors of OBEs such as sleep, drug abuse, and general anesthesia as well as their neurobiology and compare them with recent findings on neurological and neurocognitive mechanisms of OBEs. The reviewed data suggest that OBEs are due to functional disintegration of lower-level multisensory processing and abnormal higher-level self-processing at the temporo-parietal junction. We argue that the experimental investigation of the interactions between these multisensory and cognitive mechanisms in OBEs and related illusions in combination with neuroimaging and behavioral techniques might further our understanding of the central mechanisms of corporal awareness and self-consciousness much as previous research about the neural bases of complex body part illusions such as phantom limbs has done.

Elsevier2005

Bridging Ethnography and Engineering through the Graphical Language of Petri Nets

Both ethnographers and engineers deal with contextual and situational complexity in human behavior. For engineers, this complexity creates challenges in designing systems to support humans that are useful and predictable across a wide range of contexts because of the difficulty to analyze and model the contextual impact on observable behavior. The rich descriptive understanding found in the annotated case studies of ethnography could be of substantial use here, however, the ethnographer’s language is considerably different from that of the causal systems and input/output models typical of engineering. Through a unique collaboration between automotive engineers and UCSD ethnographers, we employed a common graphical state-space based modeling language called Petri nets that enables annotated case studies to be represented in a computational framework that can be used in standard engineering practices. The ethnographer’s goal was to explain and quantify the importance of context on driver behavior such that the engineers would be better able to design useful human-centered support systems and to assess whether those necessarily practically constrained support systems will most likely function as expected across a wide range of situations. This paper offers a discussion of the issues that arise in bridging the gap between engineering and ethnographic practice in the context of lane change behavior analysis.

2005

Using physiological measures for emotional assessment: A computer-aided tool for cognitive and behavioral therapy

Helena Stephanie Grillon Le Gallennec, Bruno Herbelin, Olivier Renault, Daniel Thalmann

In the context of cognitive and behavioural therapies, the use of immersion technologies to replace classical exposure often improves the therapeutic process. As it is necessary to validate the efficiency of such a technique, both therapists and VR specialists need tools to monitor the impact of virtual reality exposure on patients. The present study investigates two possible solutions to assess affective states from physiological measurements; automatic evaluation of the arousal and valence components of affective reactions and classification into classes of emotions. Results show that these dimensional reductions of physiological data could not lead to statistically a fine identification of affective states statistically speaking, but the correlations we found could be used in a biofeedback loop with the virtual environment or in combination with other cognitive and behavioural assessments tools.

2004

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a psycho-social intervention that aims to reduce symptoms of various mental health conditions, primarily depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive behavioral th

Personality disorder

Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating fro

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks.

BIO-615: Neural circuits for reward and aversion learning

Animals must learn from past experiences, to adapt their behavior to an ever-changing environment. Students will learn about the neuronal circuit mechanisms of reward-based learning, and of aversively-mediated learning, by studying the current scientific literature on these topics.