Fluorescein

Summary

Fluorescein is an organic compound and dye based on the xanthene tricyclic structural motif, formally belonging to triarylmethine dyes family. It is available as a dark orange/red powder slightly soluble in water and alcohol. It is widely used as a fluorescent tracer for many applications. The color of its aqueous solutions is green by reflection and orange by transmission (its spectral properties are dependent on pH of the solution), as can be noticed in bubble levels, for example, in which fluorescein is added as a colorant to the alcohol filling the tube in order to increase the visibility of the air bubble contained within. More concentrated solutions of fluorescein can even appear red (because under these conditions nearly all incident emission is re-absorbed by the solution). It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Uses Fluorescein (medical use) Fluorescein sodium, the sodium salt of fluorescein, is used extensively as a diagnostic too

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescein

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Characterization of monomeric and gemini cationic amphiphilic molecules by fluorescence intensity and anisotropy

Kuppuswamy Kalyanasundaram

Pyrene fluorescence intensity and conductivity measurements were used to determine the cmc of two monomeric surfactants namely, dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as well as two gemini surfactants, 16-3-16 2Br and 16-4-16 2Br of the alkanediyl-alpha,omega-bis(alkyldimethyl ammonium bromide) type. Cmc measurements were confirmed using fluorescence anisotropy measurements employing fluorescein as probe. Anisotropy-concentration plots showed sigmoidal behaviour and the obtained values for cmc were in good agreement with those determined using conductivity and pyrene fluorescence intensity. Also, the anisotropy of both fluorescein and another fluorescent probe. perylene, were used to provide information on the micellar structure. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Elsevier2009

Characterization of monomeric and gemini cationic amphiphilic molecules by fluorescence intensity and anisotropy

Kuppuswamy Kalyanasundaram, Guido Viscardi

2009

An endoscopic fluorescence imaging system for simultaneous visual examination and photodetection of cancers

André Studzinski, Hubert van den Bergh, Georges Wagnières

We describe the design and performance tested during six years of clinical trials of a fluorescence endoscope for the detection and delineation of cancers in several hollow organs. The apparatus is based on the imaging of the laser-induced fluorescence that differs between a tumor and its surrounding normal tissue. The tests are carried out in the upper aerodigestive tract, the tracheobronchial tree, the esophagus, and the colon. In the three former cases an exogenous dye is used (Photofrin II), whereas in the latter case fluorescein molecules conjugated with monoclonal antibodies directed against carcinoembryonic antigen are injected. The decrease of native tissue autofluorescence observed in early cancers is also used for detecting lesions in the tracheobronchial tree. The fluorescence contrast between the tumor and surrounding normal tissue is enhanced by real time image processing. This is done by simultaneously recording the fluorescenceimage in two spectral domains, after which these two images are digitized and manipulated with a mathematical operator (look-up table) at video frequency. Moreover, the device that is described below allows for an immediate observation of the endoscopic area under white light illumination during fluorescence detection in order to localize the origin of the “positive” fluorescence signals. Typical results obtained in the tracheobronchial tree and in the colon are presented and the sources of false positives and false negatives are evaluated in terms of the fluorescent dye, tissue optical properties, and illumination optics.

1997