Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties and their applications.
Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.
In industry, materials are inputs to manufacturing processes to produce products or more complex materials.
Materials chart the history of humanity. The system of the three prehistoric ages (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) were succeeded by historical ages: steel age in the 19th century, polymer age in the middle of the following century (plastic age) and silicon age in the second half of the 20th century.
Materials can be broadly categorized in terms of their use, for example:
Building materials are used for construction
Building insulation materials are used to retain heat within buildings
Refractory materials are used for high-temperature applications
Nuclear materials are used for nuclear power and weapons
Aerospace materials are used in aircraft and other aerospace applications
Biomaterials are used for applications interacting with living systems
Material selection is a process to determine which material should be used for a given application.
The relevant structure of materials has a different length scale depending on the material. The structure and composition of a material can be determined by microscopy or spectroscopy.
In engineering, materials can be categorised according to their microscopic structure:
Ceramics: non-metal, inorganic solids
Glasses: amorphous solids
Metals: pure or combined chemical elements with specific chemical bonding behavior
Polymers: materials based on long carbon or silicon chains
Hybrids: combinations of multiple materials, for example composites.
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Material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties and their applications. Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials.
In materials science, a metal foam is a material or structure consisting of a solid metal (frequently aluminium) with gas-filled pores comprising a large portion of the volume. The pores can be sealed (closed-cell foam) or interconnected (open-cell foam). The defining characteristic of metal foams is a high porosity: typically only 5–25% of the volume is the base metal. The strength of the material is due to the square–cube law. Metal foams typically retain some physical properties of their base material.
Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter (the others being liquid, gas, and plasma). The molecules in a solid are closely packed together and contain the least amount of kinetic energy. A solid is characterized by structural rigidity (as in rigid bodies) and resistance to a force applied to the surface. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire available volume like a gas.
Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and applications to medical imaging. Principles of modern multi-dimensional NMR in liquids and solids. Structure determination of proteins & materials. M
To present and discuss important recent contributions in the field of inorganic chemistry with an emphasis on fundamental aspects and properties.Literature seminars based on selected publications,eman
To present and discuss important recent contributions in the field of inorganic chemistry incorporating techniques and methods. Student literature seminars based on selected publications,emanating fro
Covers the concept of quantum computation delegation and the relationship between MIP and RE, addressing common FAQs and discussing helpful materials and interactions with quantum devices.
Demonstrates experiments to study friction coefficients between sandpaper and various materials.
Covers the initial project ideas, spatial organization, and materials in architecture design sketches.
Encapsulation techniques open up new possibilities to control the kinetics and location of the release of active ingredients. Despite the progresses achieved to obtain a better control over the dimens
To advance the field of piezoelectrics, it is desirable to find materials that combine high piezoelectricity with high elasticity. Applications such as self-sensors, stretchable electronics, soft robo
Advances in additive manufacturing have enabled a new generation of materials with advantageous properties inherent to their architecture. Recently, architected materials with periodic arrangements of