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Concept
Foundation (engineering)
Summary
In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water,(like with floating structures) transferring loads from the structure to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep. Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics (geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
Foundations provide the structure's stability from the ground:
To distribute the weight of the structure over a large area in order to avoid overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).
To anchor the structure against natural forces including earthquakes, floods, droughts, frost heaves, tornadoes and wind.
To provide a level surface for construction.
To anchor the structure deeply into the ground, increasing its stability and preventing overloading.
To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure (in some cases).
The design and the construction of a well-performing foundation must possess some basic requirements:
The design and the construction of the foundation is done such that it can sustain as well as transmit the dead and the imposed loads to the soil. This transfer has to be carried out without resulting in any form of settlement that can cause stability issues for the structure.
Differential settlements can be avoided by having a rigid base for the foundation. These issues are more pronounced in areas where the superimposed loads are not uniform in nature.
Based on the soil and area it is recommended to have a deeper foundation so that it can guard any form of damage or distress. These are mainly caused due to the problem of shrinkage and swelling because of temperature changes.
The location of the foundation chosen must be an area that is not affected or influenced by future works or factors.
Buildings and structures have a long history of being built with wood in contact with the ground. Post in ground construction may technically have no foundation.
Official source
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